Volume 440 Number 7088 pp969-1088 封面故事：CRP蛋白与心脏病的治疗C-活性蛋白（CRP）是炎症和感染等症状的一个临床标记，但它也与受损的细胞结合，激发其补体（即参与免疫反应的血清蛋白复合物）。由补体调控的炎症反应加重心脏病中的组织损伤，人类CRP在一个急性心肌梗塞的大鼠模型中通过一个依赖于补体的机制加重损伤程度。这些发现表明，CRP是以保护心脏为目的的药物的一个可能的作用目标。Pepys等人因此便设计了一种专门抑制CRP的小分子抑制剂。这种“回文结构”的化合物的5个分子被面对面排列的两个五聚CRP分子所结合，如本期封面图片上该复合物的X-射线晶体结构所示。该抑制剂完全阻断人类CRP 在正经历急性心肌梗塞的大鼠身上的不良作用，说明早期通过治疗手段抑制CRP，也许对心脏病患者有好处。（Letter p. 1217）（封面图片：S. Wood, M. Jenvey, S. Kolstoe & D. Thompson）
关于太阳系巨型行星轨道倾角的新观点太阳系的巨型行星在相当奇特的轨道上运行，因为它们的轨道都有很大的倾斜度，即它们的旋转轴相对于轨道平面都有一个很大的倾角。它们的倾斜度的形成，曾被认为是由于几十亿年前在太阳系外层与地球大小的小行星发生了擦边碰撞。但这种假设不能解释所有观测结果。Adrián Brunini提出了另一个模型，按照该模型，这些巨型行星是在它们的形成过程中通过引力相互作用获得很大倾斜度的。这个新的模拟结果为关于太阳系动态的一个模型提供了支持，后者认为，这些巨型行星在经过长期稳定之后迅速迁移到了新位置。
关于“应变硬化”机理的新理论“应变硬化”（也称为“加工硬化”）是工程师们所非常看重的晶体材料的一个性质，它指的是，在施加负荷的情况下，高强度材料会变得更强。多年来，“应变硬化”被认为来自成对位移碰撞，在这种碰撞过程中，相互交叉的位移形成产生强度的接合点。现在，来自劳伦斯·利弗莫尔国家实验室的一个小组发现，该理论是不全面的，因为它忽略了“多体位移相互作用”。以用钼晶体所做实验为依据的新的模拟结果表明，晶体在应力作用下发生硬化，是因为位移线三个一组捆绑在一起，变成很紧的结，这些结形成多个接合点。
关于铜氧化物超导性的新模型科学家对简单金属中超导性的性质已经非常了解了，但标准理论不能解释高温铜氧化物超导体的关键性质。现在，无弹性中子散射测量实验，显示了铜氧化物超导体中某些晶格振荡的非传统行为，这种行为导致广泛的电子-光子偶合。该结果支持这样一个模型，这个模型认为，电荷载体汇聚起来，形成由电荷构成的“河流”，超导性就源自这种“河流”。
雨量变化的重建模型气候变暖可能会明显改变全球雨量及其分布，而且还可以说，降雨的改变对人类生计及生态系统的直接影响要大于气温的改变。研究人员利用由树木年轮获得的一个以年为分辨率的氧同位素记录，来生成巴基斯坦北部山区降雨量变化的一个千年尺度的重建模型。所获得的数据显示，在19世纪后期和20世纪，降雨量有明显增加，使这一时期成为过去千年间最湿润的时期。与其他气候重建模型所做的比较表明，水文周期有大尺度的强化，这与工业化和全球变暖的开始在时间上是一致的。这种变化前所未有的幅度足以说明，人类活动对变化的出现是有贡献的。
整合酶的晶体结构整合蛋白（Integrons）是移动的DNA元素，在通过从环境中捕捉基因来在致病细菌中传播抗生素抗性中扮演一个重要角色。整合酶有一个独特的本领，即它能识别和重组关系很远的DNA序列。它的这种本领有助于提高整合蛋白将“基因盒”从一个细菌转移到另一个细菌的能力。现在，研究人员已经确定了与一个目标DNA结合在一起的一个整合酶的晶体结构，该结构显示了整合酶的亚单元何以能够通过一个涉及两个翻转到双螺旋外的碱基的机制来适应两个不同的DNA序列。
所有脊椎动物最后一个共同祖先有鳃囊鳃囊见于现存的“圆口纲脊椎动物” (八目鳗类鱼和七鳃鳗)和它们的化石祖先。人们早就怀疑所有无颌脊椎动物都有这种鳃囊，但一直缺乏确凿的证据来支持这种观点。现在，研究人员在一个保存完好的、距今3.7亿年前的Endeiolepis化石中发现了七鳃鳗一样的鳃。这种动物被称为“裸露的无甲类”，因为其身上没有鳞片，所以可能是滑溜的。无甲类是处在演化树根部的有颌类，即与有颌脊椎动物的关系比与圆口纲脊椎动物的关系更近的无颌脊椎动物，所以该发现说明，鳃囊过去曾存在于所有脊椎动物的最后一个共同祖先身上，后来在有颌脊椎动物身上消失了。
出生前接触性激素的影响哺乳动物如果在出生前接触父母的性激素，会对它们的成长和发育产生深远影响。 在以雌性为主导的斑点鬣狗的社会中，这一现象被发展到了极致。Dloniak等人首次揭示了一个鬣狗的社会地位与其在怀孕期间接触雄性激素情况之间的关系。这种关系还与其后代习惯性的攻击性密切相关，说明存在一个通过出生前接触性激素来将与地位有关的特征从母亲传递给后代的机制。
珊瑚本身在其恢复能力中所起的作用海水温度升高引起大范围珊瑚变白和死亡，并且还有可能对这些重要的生态系统造成永久性损害。珊瑚变白是当通常为珊瑚提供食物的共生微藻从其寄生的珊瑚上被释放出来时出现的。当这种微藻被释放出来后，珊瑚就会失去色素，看起来几乎是白的。一些珊瑚能经受住变白过程，但我们对在变白过程中能确保珊瑚存活下来的机制却了解很少。迄今为止，研究工作主要集中在微藻上，而珊瑚主体的生理特征在变白和恢复中的作用却在很大程度上被忽略了。现在，对夏威夷卡内奥赫湾已经变白、正在恢复的珊瑚所做的一项研究表明，珊瑚主体在其恢复过程及恢复能力中可以起重要作用。增加珊瑚所吃的浮游动物的供应，可提供另外一个食物来源，大大增强珊瑚在变白事件中的存活能力。
是否存在人类所特有的语言处理能力?Noam Chomsky关于“衍生语法”的研究工作，导致了这样一个概念的形成：一组规则能产生一种自然的语言，该语言具有一个分成不同层次的语法；也导致了这样一个观点的形成：这种形成语言的能力是人类所特有的能力。在用欧洲八哥所做的一系列实验中，研究人员用几种类型的“鸣啭”和“卡塔”声代替人类语言中的单词，这些鸟儿用一种符合同一标准的方式学习划分句子的语法结构。它们的表现按照这一标准可以说几乎跟人类是一样的。所以，如果说存在人类所独有的语言处理能力，那么它们可能更多的是与背景无关的，或在Noam Chomsky所说的语法等级中处于更高的层次。或者，根本不存在能将人类语言与非人类交流系统区分开来的单一特性或处理能力。
缺氧肿瘤细胞中LOX酶含量较高肿瘤含有低氧（缺氧）区域，因为癌细胞的生长和分裂速度快于血管提供氧气的速度。这些区域的细胞非常容易转移，虽然该现象的原因尚不知道。现在，Erler等人在缺氧细胞中发现了高浓度的酶“lysyl氧化酶”（LOX）。肿瘤中高LOX含量与乳腺癌患者预后差有关。在小鼠身上，抑制LOX可减少转移，说明它是一个候选治疗目标。
ContentsEditorials
Making collider endorsement count p1089
There is broad backing for a US bid to build the International Linear Collider.
doi:10.1038/4401089a
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Bioethics at the bench p1089
Bioethicists should be close — but not too close — to the lab action.
doi:10.1038/4401090b
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Machine readability p1090
A publishing initiative seems ready to make text mining simpler.
doi:10.1038/4401090a
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Top of pageResearch Highlights
Research highlights p1092
doi:10.1038/4401092a
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Top of pageNews
Shifting constant could shake laws of nature p1094
Proton–electron mass ratio may be on the move.
Mark Peplow
doi:10.1038/4401094a
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US particle physics fights for survival p1094
Americans urged to host International Linear Collider.
Geoff Brumfiel
doi:10.1038/4401094b
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Sidelines p1095
doi:10.1038/4401095a
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World Bank defends efforts to curb malaria p1096
Critics say funding promises have been broken.
Michael Hopkin
doi:10.1038/4401096a
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Last hope for river dolphins p1096
But preliminary survey fails to find any surviving 'baiji'.
Rex Dalton
doi:10.1038/4401096b
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Flu-vaccine makers toil to boost supply p1099
Stock shortfall highlights need for alternative strategy.
Carina Dennis
doi:10.1038/4401099a
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Feel it in your bones p1100
Deciding whether our ancestors evolved as a single lineage may depend more on philosophy than fossils. Rex Dalton reports.
doi:10.1038/4401100a
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News in brief p1102
doi:10.1038/4401102a
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Top of pageNews Features
Bioethics: Dial 'E' for ethics p1104
Facing a moral dilemma in the lab? No reason to panic. Helen Pilcher meets the academic troubleshooters who promise a quick answer to any ethical problem.
doi:10.1038/4401104a
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Archaeology: Digital digs p1106
Archaeologists are bringing past worlds vividly to life on the computer screen. But are the high-tech graphics helping science, or are they just pretty pictures? Michael Bawaya takes a look.
doi:10.1038/4401106a
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Geophysics: Magical mantle tour p1108
Geophysicists are racing to understand a recently discovered phenomenon deep in the Earth. David Cyranoski joins them.
doi:10.1038/4401108a
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Top of pageBusiness
Crunch time for New Jersey lab p1111
A global merger will put the long-suffering Bell Labs through the wringer yet again. But could joint ownership benefit the world-famous facility in the long run? Kurt Kleiner investigates.
doi:10.1038/4401111a
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Top of pageCorrespondence
Everyone listed on Dolly paper met established criteria for authorship p1112
Alan Colman
doi:10.1038/4401112a
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It's incredible how often we're surprised by findings p1112
Michal Jasienski
doi:10.1038/4401112b
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Funding should recognize outcome, not income p1112
Christopher Exley
doi:10.1038/4401112c
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Top of pageBooks and Arts
Where are the switches on this thing? p1113
Asking the big questions in neuroscience.
Kevan A. C. Martin reviews 23 Problems in Systems Neuroscience edited by J. Leo van Hemmen and Terrence J. Sejnowski
doi:10.1038/4401113a
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Seeking meaning in the void p1114
Simon Singh reviews The View from the Center of the Universe: Discovering Our Extraordinary Place in the Cosmos by Joel R. Primack and Nancy Ellen Abrams
doi:10.1038/4401114a
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Sympathy for the devil p1115
Matthew J. Phillips reviews Tasmanian Devil: A Unique and Threatened Animal by David Owen and David Pemberton
doi:10.1038/4401115a
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Top of pageNews and Views
Language: Startling starlings p1117
Recursion, once thought to be the unique province of human language, now seems to be within the ken of a common songbird — perhaps providing insight into the origins of language.
Gary F. Marcus
doi:10.1038/4401117a
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Superconductivity: Quantum stripe search p1118
Do quantum stripes exist or not? Further indirect evidence for this controversial behaviour of electrons in high-temperature superconductors comes from measurements of atomic-lattice vibrations.
Jan Zaanen
doi:10.1038/4401118a
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Biomaterials: Gripping stuff p1119
Rosamund Daw
doi:10.1038/4401119a
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Palaeoclimatology: The woods fill up with snow p1120
Palaeoclimatological evidence covering the past millennium suggests that the global water cycle has changed in the past century. Agreement with climate models points to human activity as the main cause.
Michael N. Evans
doi:10.1038/4401120a
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Molecular biology: Singled out for integration p1121
Bacteria regularly swap genes among themselves. The structure of an enzyme that mediates the spread of certain DNA elements reveals the unusual way in which they take up residence in new genomes.
Michael Chandler
doi:10.1038/4401121a
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Top of pageBrief Communications
Gene therapy: Therapeutic gene causing lymphoma p1123
Insight into risks posed by corrective gene therapy comes from an immunodeficient mouse model.
Niels-Bjarne Woods, Virginie Bottero, Manfred Schmidt, Christof von Kalle and Inder M. Verma
doi:10.1038/4401123a
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Top of pageBrief Communications Arising
Molecular virology: Was the 1918 pandemic caused by a bird flu? pE8
Mark J. Gibbs and Adrian J. Gibbs
doi:10.1038/nature04823
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Molecular virology: Was the 1918 flu avian in origin? pE9
Janis Antonovics, Michael E. Hood and Christi Howell Baker
doi:10.1038/nature04824
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Molecular virology: Was the 1918 pandemic caused by a bird flu? Was the 1918 flu avian in origin? (Reply) pE9
Jeffery K. Taubenberger, Ann H. Reid, Raina M. Lourens, Ruixue Wang, Guozhong Jin and Thomas G. Fanning
doi:10.1038/nature04825
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Top of pageInsight: Early Universe -
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Insight: Early Universe
Early Universe p1125
Leslie Sage
doi:10.1038/4401125a
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Cosmology from start to finish p1126
Charles L. Bennett
doi:10.1038/nature04803
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Is our Universe natural? p1132
Sean M. Carroll
doi:10.1038/nature04804
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The large-scale structure of the Universe p1137
Volker Springel, Carlos S. Frenk and Simon D. M. White
doi:10.1038/nature04805
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High-redshift galaxy populations p1145
Esther M. Hu and Lennox L. Cowie
doi:10.1038/nature04806
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Heavy element synthesis in the oldest stars and the early Universe p1151
John J. Cowan and Christopher Sneden
doi:10.1038/nature04807
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Top of pageArticle
Structural basis for broad DNA-specificity in integron recombination p1157
Douglas MacDonald, Gaëlle Demarre, Marie Bouvier, Didier Mazel and Deshmukh N. Gopaul
doi:10.1038/nature04643
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Top of pageLetters
Origin of the obliquities of the giant planets in mutual interactions in the early Solar System p1163
Adrián Brunini
doi:10.1038/nature04577
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Wave and defect dynamics in nonlinear photonic quasicrystals p1166
Barak Freedman, Guy Bartal, Mordechai Segev, Ron Lifshitz, Demetrios N. Christodoulides and Jason W. Fleischer
doi:10.1038/nature04722
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Electron–phonon coupling reflecting dynamic charge inhomogeneity in copper oxide superconductors p1170
D. Reznik, L. Pintschovius, M. Ito, S. Iikubo, M. Sato, H. Goka, M. Fujita, K. Yamada, G. D. Gu and J. M. Tranquada
doi:10.1038/nature04704
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Dislocation multi-junctions and strain hardening p1174
Vasily V. Bulatov, Luke L. Hsiung, Meijie Tang, Athanasios Arsenlis, Maria C. Bartelt, Wei Cai, Jeff N. Florando, Masato Hiratani, Moon Rhee, Gregg Hommes, Tim G. Pierce and Tomas Diaz de la Rubia
doi:10.1038/nature04658
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The twentieth century was the wettest period in northern Pakistan over the past millennium p1179
Kerstin S. Treydte, Gerhard H. Schleser, Gerhard Helle, David C. Frank, Matthias Winiger, Gerald H. Haug and Jan Esper
doi:10.1038/nature04743
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Lamprey-like gills in a gnathostome-related Devonian jawless vertebrate p1183
Philippe Janvier, Sylvain Desbiens, Jason A. Willett and Marius Arsenault
doi:10.1038/nature04471
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Heterotrophic plasticity and resilience in bleached corals p1186
Andréa G. Grottoli, Lisa J. Rodrigues and James E. Palardy
doi:10.1038/nature04565
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Rank-related maternal effects of androgens on behaviour in wild spotted hyaenas p1190
S. M. Dloniak, J. A. French and K. E. Holekamp
doi:10.1038/nature04540
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The DNA sequence, annotation and analysis of human chromosome 3 p1194
Donna M. Muzny, Steven E. Scherer, Rajinder Kaul, Jing Wang, Jun Yu, Ralf Sudbrak, Christian J. Buhay, Rui Chen, Andrew Cree, Yan Ding, Shannon Dugan-Rocha, Rachel Gill, Preethi Gunaratne, R. Alan Harris, Alicia C. Hawes, Judith Hernandez, Anne V. Hodgson, Jennifer Hume, Andrew Jackson, Ziad Mohid Khan, Christie Kovar-Smith, Lora R. Lewis, Ryan J. Lozado, Michael L. Metzker, Aleksandar Milosavljevic, George R. Miner, Margaret B. Morgan, Lynne V. Nazareth, Graham Scott, Erica Sodergren, Xing-Zhi Song, David Steffen, Sharon Wei, David A. Wheeler, Mathew W. Wright, Kim C. Worley, Ye Yuan, Zhengdong Zhang, Charles Q. Adams, M. Ali Ansari-Lari, Mulu Ayele, Mary J. Brown, Guan Chen, Zhijian Chen, James Clendenning, Kerstin P. Clerc-Blankenburg, Runsheng Chen, Zhu Chen, Clay Davis, Oliver Delgado, Huyen H. Dinh, Wei Dong, Heather Draper, Stephen Ernst, Gang Fu, Manuel L. Gonzalez-Garay, Dawn K. Garcia, Will Gillett, Jun Gu, Bailin Hao, Eric Haugen, Paul Havlak, Xin He, Steffen Hennig, Songnian Hu, Wei Huang, Laronda R. Jackson, Leni S. Jacob, Susan H. Kelly, Michael Kube, Ruth Levy, Zhangwan Li, Bin Liu, Jing Liu, Wen Liu, Jing Lu, Manjula Maheshwari, Bao-Viet Nguyen, Geoffrey O. Okwuonu, Anthony Palmeiri, Shiran Pasternak, Lesette M. Perez, Karen A. Phelps, Farah J. H. Plopper, Boqin Qiang, Christopher Raymond, Ruben Rodriguez, Channakhone Saenphimmachak, Jireh Santibanez, Hua Shen, Yan Shen, Sandhya Subramanian, Paul E. Tabor, Daniel Verduzco, Lenee Waldron, Jian Wang, Jun Wang, Qiaoyan Wang, Gabrielle A. Williams, Gane K.-S. Wong, Zhijian Yao, JingKun Zhang, Xiuqing Zhang, Guoping Zhao, Jianling Zhou, Yang Zhou, further contributors, David Nelson, Hans Lehrach, Richard Reinhardt, Susan L. Naylor, Huanming Yang, Maynard Olson, George Weinstock and Richard A. Gibbs
doi:10.1038/nature04728
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Pluripotency of spermatogonial stem cells from adult mouse testis p1199
Kaomei Guan, Karim Nayernia, Lars S. Maier, Stefan Wagner, Ralf Dressel, Jae Ho Lee, Jessica Nolte, Frieder Wolf, Manyu Li, Wolfgang Engel and Gerd Hasenfuss
doi:10.1038/nature04697
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Recursive syntactic pattern learning by songbirds p1204
Timothy Q. Gentner, Kimberly M. Fenn, Daniel Margoliash and Howard C. Nusbaum
doi:10.1038/nature04675
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TMP21 is a presenilin complex component that modulates -secretase but not -secretase activity p1208
Fusheng Chen, Hiroshi Hasegawa, Gerold Schmitt-Ulms, Toshitaka Kawarai, Christopher Bohm, Taiichi Katayama, Yongjun Gu, Nobuo Sanjo, Michael Glista, Ekaterina Rogaeva, Yosuke Wakutani, Raphaëlle Pardossi-Piquard, Xueying Ruan, Anurag Tandon, Frédéric Checler, Philippe Marambaud, Kirk Hansen, David Westaway, Peter St George-Hyslop and Paul Fraser
doi:10.1038/nature04667
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A voltage-gated proton-selective channel lacking the pore domain p1213
I. Scott Ramsey, Magdalene M. Moran, Jayhong A. Chong and David E. Clapham
doi:10.1038/nature04700
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Targeting C-reactive protein for the treatment of cardiovascular disease p1217
Mark B. Pepys, Gideon M. Hirschfield, Glenys A. Tennent, J. Ruth Gallimore, Melvyn C. Kahan, Vittorio Bellotti, Philip N. Hawkins, Rebecca M. Myers, Martin D. Smith, Alessandra Polara, Alexander J. A. Cobb, Steven V. Ley, J. Andrew Aquilina, Carol V. Robinson, Isam Sharif, Gillian A. Gray, Caroline A. Sabin, Michelle C. Jenvey, Simon E. Kolstoe, Darren Thompson and Stephen P. Wood
doi:10.1038/nature04672
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Lysyl oxidase is essential for hypoxia-induced metastasis p1222
Janine T. Erler, Kevin L. Bennewith, Monica Nicolau, Nadja Dornhöfer, Christina Kong, Quynh-Thu Le, Jen-Tsan Ashley Chi, Stefanie S. Jeffrey and Amato J. Giaccia
doi:10.1038/nature04695
First paragraph | Full Text | PDF (486K) | Supplementary information
See also: Editor's summary
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Detecting transient intermediates in macromolecular binding by paramagnetic NMR p1227
Junji Iwahara and G. Marius Clore
doi:10.1038/nature04673
First paragraph | Full Text | PDF (503K) | Supplementary information
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Top of pageTechnology Features
Gene expression: An expression of interest p1233
Understanding the regulation of gene expression in stem cells and neurons, and finding ways to manipulate it, are important challenges. Laura Bonetta searches out the tools for the job.
Laura Bonetta
doi:10.1038/4401233a
Full Text | PDF (599K)
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Gene expression: Table of suppliers p1238
doi:10.1038/4401238a
| PDF (112K)
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Top of pageNaturejobs
Prospect
A howl of hope p1241
Comparing scientists to Beats.
Paul Smaglik
doi:10.1038/nj7088-1241a
Full Text | PDF (150K)
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Career Views
Zachary Fisk, distinguished professor of physics, University of California, Irvine p1242
Physics leader follows in footsteps of giants.
Virginia Gewin
doi:10.1038/nj7088-1242a
Full Text | PDF (133K)
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Thank you, Professor MacDonald p1242
Mentor's open door inspires trust.
Wyatt McMahon, Ebtesam Attaya, Toni Denison, Andrew Hockert and Ganesh Shankarling
doi:10.1038/nj7088-1242b
Full Text | PDF (133K)
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The postdoc menu p1242
Picking from the postdoc menu.
Milan de Vries
doi:10.1038/nj7088-1242c
Full Text | PDF (133K)
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Top of pageFutures
Ringing up baby p1244
Order a little sister, then order her about.
Ellen Klages
doi:10.1038/4401244a
Full Text | PDF (193K)
