18 May 2006 Volume 441 Number 7091 pp255-384
封面故事：微观世界中合作与欺骗的演化
生活在土中的社会性细菌Myxococcus xanthus形成大量成群的细胞，这些细胞通过分泌能杀死和降解其猎物的代谢物的方式捕食其他微生物，产生大量细胞外营养物。饥饿促使这些细胞集结成大约有10万个成员的群体（见本期封面），它们通过交换细胞间信号来构建子实体（fruiting bodies），并分异成抗压力的孢子。这为研究演化生物学中一个长期悬疑的问题提供了一个难得的模型，这个问题就是合作与欺骗策略的演化。在子实体发育上有缺陷的一些M. xanthus基因型“欺骗”嵌合体群体中没有缺陷的基因型。一个欺骗者所发生的单一的自发突变，能恢复有效的合作发育，使其在适应性上相对于两个祖先基因型都具有优越性，这种优越性包括，它可以不受其祖先欺骗者的剥削和利用。（Article p. 310; News and Views）封面图片：Jürgen Berger & Supriya Kadam, MPI Tübingen
无国界疾病诊断服务
当Médecins Sans Frontières（一个国际人道援助组织）的工作人员认识到需要一种适合发展中国家资源贫乏条件下使用的疟疾诊断试验时，他们是根据自己所见来做出判断的。在该领域的科学家及几个制造商的帮助下，他们在仅仅两年内就以相对较低的成本构思、设计和开发出了一种替代的试验方法。在本期Nature上，Médecins Sans Frontières的科学家介绍了怎样利用全世界大学和企业实验室中未能充分利用的资源来从事类似项目，对其他“被遗忘的”疾病提供诊断服务。
太阳系外第一个在“适宜居住”区域内的行星
随着寻找太阳系外行星所用技术的发展，越来越多的太阳系外行星已被发现（超过170个），所发现的行星也越来越小。近年来，研究人员已经探测到7个被称为“热海王星”或“超级地球”的行星。这些行星的质量比地球大5-20倍，在绕与太阳相似的恒星的很近的轨道上运行（轨道周期为2-15天）。现在，研究人员发现了第一个多星体系，由三个“海王星”质量的行星组成，轨道周期分别为8.67天、31.6天和197天（在“适宜居住”的区域内）。它们都绕附近一颗编号为HD 69830的恒星运行。理论计算表明，两个靠内的行星都主要由石质物质组成。靠外的一个行星很可能在一个石质或冰质的核心周围包裹着一层明显的气体。它是第一个在一颗与太阳类似的恒星的“适宜居住”区域内探测到的“海王星”质量的行星。
所有时间尺度上的气温变化都有联系
科学家对影响年际气温变化的因素已经相当了解了，但对在十年至千年时间尺度上对地球气温变化进行总体控制的因素却并不是很了解。除了少数几个气候变化模式外，这些因素通常被描述为随机过程。Peter Huybers 和William Curry在这个方面往前更进了一步，他们发现，气温变化在所有时间尺度上是联系在一起的。在地表气温与年度和具有中间时间尺度的米兰柯维奇(Milankovitch)周期（23,000年至41,000年）之间有一个简单的“幂次法则”关系，这种关系是由太阳辐射决定的。该发现提供了一个了解地球气温变化、提高年际和更长时间尺度气候变化预测性的框架。
被子植物“活化石”的一种新型胚囊
达尔文称开花植物（也叫被子植物）的起源“令人讨厌的神秘”。如今，这个谜仍然远没有完全解开，但随着一种新型胚囊（雌性生殖结构）在一种名叫Amborella trichopoda的常绿灌木（这种灌木现在仅见于新喀里多尼亚岛上）上的发现，人们在这个方面也可以说取得了一些进展。Amborella是最古老被子植物分支惟一现存的代表，是一种真正的“活化石”。 它的胚囊为了解开花植物早期演化中的一个实验期提供了线索，可能代表着裸子植物和被子植物之间的一个关键中间形式。
铜可能是海洋中一种潜在重要养分
硅藻占海洋生产力的40%，受海洋中铁盐缺乏的严重限制。这种重要营养物质的短缺也许可解释一个令人吃惊的发现：海洋硅藻Thalassiosira oceanica利用一种含铜“质体蓝素”（plastocyanin）运输电子，而所有其他含叶绿素-c的物种（包括沿海硅藻）都是利用含铁的细胞色素c6。这些金属蛋白的利用，与海洋中有可以利用的铜和铁的条件是一致的，而这一新的发现表明，铜是开放海洋中一种潜在的重要营养成分。
一种引人注目的共生机制
Riftia pachyptila（巨型无内脏管虫，见于热液喷孔附近）的成虫如果没有为其提供营养的共生细菌的话，可能就不会存在。然而这些管虫的幼虫没有共生体，对每一代的管虫，细菌都必须重新进驻。曾有人提出，这种管虫是通过摄取的办法获得细菌的，但一项新的研究却提出了一种非常不同的、独特的细菌进驻过程。细菌是通过感染管虫的皮肤、并穿过其皮肤迁移的方式到达它们的共生环境的，这个过程伴随着寄主组织的大量死亡。物种间这种引人注目的互动，是一种新颖的共生启动机制，与致病感染类似。
高浓度甜味剂引起苦味的原因
有趣的是，糖精钠和乙酰磺胺酸钾等人造甜味剂如果用量过大时不但不甜，还可能有苦味。然后如果用水漱口，嘴里就会有甜味。这些现象为了解TAS1R味觉受体的作用提供了新线索。除了引起“甜水”后觉外，高浓度糖精还能掩盖同时所尝的其他甜味剂的效应。在分子层次上所出现的是一个由两个结合点构成的体系。糖精和乙酰磺胺酸钾结合到一个高亲和力的结合点上时，会产生甜味；而在高浓度时，它们则结合到第二个低亲和力的抑制性点上。当甜味抑制成分被水洗掉时，甜味受体重新激活，甜味的感觉又回来了。甜味抑制成分在食品工业上被用来抵消不想要的高甜度，这种高甜度是由于在某些低脂肪产品中用甜碳水化合物取代脂肪而产生的：甜水味可以用来指示甜味抑制成分的活性。
一种具有广谱活性的新型强力抗生素
致病细菌对抗生素的抗药性在全世界的发展引起人们严重关切：今天用在一线的抗生素有一天可能会失效。所以，一组新的具有用作抗生素的巨大潜力的化合物的发现，将会引起人们极大兴趣。Platensimycin是一组新的天然产物中的第一个成员，它能通过抑制FabF/FabB蛋白选择性杀死细菌，这是一个在临床应用中的任何药品都没有采用的机制。它是一种对革兰氏阳性细菌具有广谱活性的强力抗生素，包括临床上有关的抗药性细菌，如对Methicillin具有抗药性的金黄葡萄球菌(MRSA)和对万古霉素具有抗药性的肠球菌（VRE）。
“角蛋白-17”在细胞生长中的作用
受控生长是细胞的一个重要性质，被用来促进组织再生：在基本“家政工作”方面低速再生；在组织修复方面快速再生。现在，研究发现，“角蛋白-17”（上皮细胞中一种结构蛋白）在需要迅速细胞生长的条件下参与蛋白合成机器的激发。角蛋白是被称为“角蛋白中间细丝”的细胞骨架纤维聚合物的构造单元，帮助细胞抵抗机械损伤。这一新发现揭示了一个出人意料的机制，细胞骨架利用该机制调控蛋白合成和生长。它对了解身体怎样进行组织重造具有广泛意义。
能解释“西格玛F”转录因子作用的数学模型
发育生物学中一个关键问题是，含有相同基因组的细胞何以有不同基因表达模式。这个问题归结为名为“芽胞杆菌”（Bacillus subtilis）的细菌的基本生物学问题。在孢子形成的早期，由于营养压力，一个“芽胞杆菌”细胞内部分裂成两个腔室，它们注定要走不同发育路径。一个被称为“西格玛F”的转录因子在该过程中是一个关键因素，它和控制它的调控因子已经受到了广泛的研究。然而，关于差异性基因激发如何开始的详细情况仍然不明了。现在，研究人员开发出了一个数学模型，它能在试管试验中重复实验结果，并能解释“西格玛F”的作用。该模型发现，两个细胞类型之间体积比的变化，是细胞命运的主要触发因素，该变化导致它们当中其中一个中的一个关键磷酸酶（SpoIIE）的活性发生变化。
Contents
Editorials
No easy answers p255
Britain's regulator has taken a sensible approach to the fraught question of what kinds of genetic testing should be permitted on embryos.
doi:10.1038/441255a
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Infection biology p255
Immunology and microbiology come together to fight disease.
doi:10.1038/441255b
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Patents for the people p256
Peer review comes to the patent office.
doi:10.1038/441256a
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Research Highlights
Research highlights p258
doi:10.1038/441258a
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News
Antibiotic faces uncertain future p260
It can kill superbugs — but may never get used.
Helen Pearson
doi:10.1038/441260a
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Neanderthal DNA yields to genome foray p260
Genetic material sequenced from 45,000-year-old male.
Rex Dalton
doi:10.1038/441260b
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How does a painkiller harm the heart? p262
Studies shed light on where Vioxx went wrong.
Meredith Wadman
doi:10.1038/441262a
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Blogger reveals China's migratory goose farms near site of flu outbreak p263
Chinese admit breeding wild birds near Qinghai Lake.
Declan Butler
doi:10.1038/441263a
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Sidelines p264
doi:10.1038/441264a
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Economists claim carbon cuts won't break the world's bank p264
Price tag for reduced emissions could be lower than expected.
Jim Giles
doi:10.1038/441264b
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Top five in physics p265
Novel citation index highlights hot topics.
doi:10.1038/441265a
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Who is Mark Myers? p266
Nominee to head US Geological Survey is scrutinized.
Emma Merris
doi:10.1038/441266a
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News in brief p268
doi:10.1038/441268a
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News Features
Visual neuroscience: Look and learn p271
Prevailing wisdom says the adult brain cannot learn to see if it had no visual stimulation during childhood, but blind people in India seem to be breaking all the rules. Apoorva Mandavilli reports.
doi:10.1038/441271a
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Microbiology: Batteries not included
What can't bacteria do? p274
Among their many talents, bacteria are the world's best electrochemists, creating a life-powering flow of electrons in a startling range of conditions. In the first of two features, Nick Lane asks what limits, if any, constrain this ability. In the second, Charlotte Schubert meets the people trying to put this microbial ingenuity to practical use.
doi:10.1038/441274a
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Microbiology: Batteries not included
Circuits of slime p277
doi:10.1038/441277a
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Business
Japanese spin-offs face struggle for survival p280
Companies set up by academics are proliferating — but can they secure the investment they need to succeed? Ichiko Fuyuno investigates.
doi:10.1038/441280a
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In brief p281
doi:10.1038/441281a
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Market watch p281
Colin Macilwain
doi:10.1038/441281b
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Correspondence
TGN1412: scrutinizing preclinical trials of antibody-based medicines p282
Søren Hansen and R. Graham Q. Leslie
doi:10.1038/441282a
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Drug giants hamstrung by timid middle management p282
Raymond A. Firestone
doi:10.1038/441282b
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ID paper wasn't impartial enough for committee p282
Yves Gingras
doi:10.1038/441282c
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Supporting the use of artemisinin in combination p282
Victoria G. Hale
doi:10.1038/441282d
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Commentary
Neglected tests for neglected patients p283
Alternative ways to develop diagnostic tools for use in resource-poor settings can, and do, exist, argue Martine Usdin, Martine Guillerm and Pierre Chirac of Doctors without Borders.
doi:10.1038/441283a
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Books and Arts
From here to eternity p285
How do physicists cope with the concept of infinity in an expanding Universe?
Peter Coles reviews The Infinite Cosmos: Questions from the Frontiers of Cosmology by Joseph Silk
doi:10.1038/441285a
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Lives after death p286
Steven Shapin reviews Alexander von Humboldt: A Metabiography by Nicolaas A. Rupke
doi:10.1038/441286a
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A single survivor p286
Rick Shine reviews Lonesome George: The Life and Loves of a Conservation Icon by Henry Nicholls
doi:10.1038/441286b
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Exhibition: Martian arts p287
doi:10.1038/441287a
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Essay
Concept
Time for a change p289
Prokaryote: gene-sequence comparisons show the tree of life consists of bacteria, eukarya and archaea. The use of the term 'prokaryote' fails to recognize that an idea about life's origins has been proved wrong.
Norman R. Pace
doi:10.1038/441289a
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News and Views
Sociobiology: The Phoenix effect p291
A spore-forming bacterium can escape from social collapse and extinction with a single mutation that has a dramatic effect. Here is evidence that a cooperative system can recover from the very brink of destruction.
Kevin R. Foster
doi:10.1038/441291a
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Extrasolar planets: A neptunian triplet p292
Three planets of Neptune mass have been discovered orbiting a Sun-like star known to have an asteroid belt. Exquisite measurements suggest that the search for habitable planets might be easier than assumed.
David Charbonneau
doi:10.1038/441292a
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Microbiology: Antibiotic stops 'ping-pong' match p293
As bacteria become resistant to existing drugs, there is a need for antibiotics with new modes of action. Such a compound has been found, and it works by binding to an intermediate in the catalytic cycle of its target.
Eric D. Brown
doi:10.1038/441293a
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Solid-state physics: When is a metal not a metal? p295
When it's an insulator, of course. Materials that should in theory conduct electricity — but don't — are well known, but the anomalous behaviour of one material has caused particular head-scratching.
Steven C. Erwin
doi:10.1038/441295a
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Cell biology: Skin care by keratins p296
Keratin proteins perform several functions in skin cells, including those of providing mechanical support and protection against injury. But it seems they also have a more active part to play in healing wounds.
M. Bishr Omary and Nam-On Ku
doi:10.1038/441296a
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Plasma physics: Cool vibes p297
Ultracold plasmas blur the classical boundaries between the different states of matter. Newly observed electron-density waves could become useful probes of how electrons behave in this exotic regime.
Thomas C. Killian
doi:10.1038/441297a
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Evolution: Experiments in botany p298
Henry Gee
doi:10.1038/441298a
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Device physics: A bug-beating diode p299
A diode that emits light at a shorter wavelength than ever before shows huge — albeit destructive — technological promise. But further work is needed to ensure that this promise is fulfilled.
Asif Khan
doi:10.1038/441299a
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News and Views Feature
Microbial sciences: The superficial life of microbes p300
The social activities and organization of bacteria are crucial to their ecological success. But it is only in recent years that we have begun to study these secret societies.
Roberto Kolter and E. Peter Greenberg
doi:10.1038/441300a
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Brief Communications
Language evolution: Semantic combinations in primate calls p303
Putty-nosed monkeys rely on two basic calling sounds to construct a message of utmost urgency.
Kate Arnold and Klaus Zuberbühler
doi:10.1038/441303a
First paragraph | Full Text | PDF (178K) | Supplementary information
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Brief Communications Arising
Immunology: Toll-like receptors and antibody responses pE4
D. Nemazee, A. Gavin, K. Hoebe and B. Beutler
doi:10.1038/nature04875
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Immunology: Toll-like receptors and antibody responses (Reply) pE4
C. Pasare and R. Medzhitov
doi:10.1038/nature04876
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Articles
An extrasolar planetary system with three Neptune-mass planets p305
Christophe Lovis, Michel Mayor, Francesco Pepe, Yann Alibert, Willy Benz, François Bouchy, Alexandre C. M. Correia, Jacques Laskar, Christoph Mordasini, Didier Queloz, Nuno C. Santos, Stéphane Udry, Jean-Loup Bertaux and Jean-Pierre Sivan
doi:10.1038/nature04828
Abstract | Full Text | PDF (860K) | Supplementary information
See also: Editor's summary | News and Views by Charbonneau
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Evolution of an obligate social cheater to a superior cooperator p310
Francesca Fiegna, Yuen-Tsu N. Yu, Supriya V. Kadam and Gregory J. Velicer
doi:10.1038/nature04677
Abstract | Full Text | PDF (268K)
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The DNA sequence and biological annotation of human chromosome 1 p315
S. G. Gregory, K. F. Barlow, K. E. McLay, R. Kaul, D. Swarbreck, A. Dunham, C. E. Scott, K. L. Howe, K. Woodfine, C. C. A. Spencer, M. C. Jones, C. Gillson, S. Searle, Y. Zhou, F. Kokocinski, L. McDonald, R. Evans, K. Phillips, A. Atkinson, R. Cooper, C. Jones, R. E. Hall, T. D. Andrews, C. Lloyd, R. Ainscough, J. P. Almeida, K. D. Ambrose, F. Anderson, R. W. Andrew, R. I. S. Ashwell, K. Aubin, A. K. Babbage, C. L. Bagguley, J. Bailey, H. Beasley, G. Bethel, C. P. Bird, S. Bray-Allen, J. Y. Brown, A. J. Brown, D. Buckley, J. Burton, J. Bye, C. Carder, J. C. Chapman, S. Y. Clark, G. Clarke, C. Clee, V. Cobley, R. E. Collier, N. Corby, G. J. Coville, J. Davies, R. Deadman, M. Dunn, M. Earthrowl, A. G. Ellington, H. Errington, A. Frankish, J. Frankland, L. French, P. Garner, J. Garnett, L. Gay, M. R. J. Ghori, R. Gibson, L. M. Gilby, W. Gillett, R. J. Glithero, D. V. Grafham, C. Griffiths, S. Griffiths-Jones, R. Grocock, S. Hammond, E. S. I. Harrison, E. Hart, E. Haugen, P. D. Heath, S. Holmes, K. Holt, P. J. Howden, A. R. Hunt, S. E. Hunt, G. Hunter, J. Isherwood, R. James, C. Johnson, D. Johnson, A. Joy, M. Kay, J. K. Kershaw, M. Kibukawa, A. M. Kimberley, A. King, A. J. Knights, H. Lad, G. Laird, S. Lawlor, D. A. Leongamornlert, D. M. Lloyd, J. Loveland, J. Lovell, M. J. Lush, R. Lyne, S. Martin, M. Mashreghi-Mohammadi, L. Matthews, N. S. W. Matthews, S. McLaren, S. Milne, S. Mistry, M. J. F. M oore, T. Nickerson, C. N. O'Dell, K. Oliver, A. Palmeiri, S. A. Palmer, A. Parker, D. Patel, A. V. Pearce, A. I. Peck, S. Pelan, K. Phelps, B. J. Phillimore, R. Plumb, J. Rajan, C. Raymond, G. Rouse, C. Saenphimmachak, H. K. Sehra, E. Sheridan, R. Shownkeen, S. Sims, C. D. Skuce, M. Smith, C. Steward, S. Subramanian, N. Sycamore, A. Tracey, A. Tromans, Z. Van Helmond, M. Wall, J. M. Wallis, S. White, S. L. Whitehead, J. E. Wilkinson, D. L. Willey, H. Williams, L. Wilming, P. W. Wray, Z. Wu, A. Coulson, M. Vaudin, J. E. Sulston, R. Durbin, T. Hubbard, R. Wooster, I. Dunham, N. P. Carter, G. McVean, M. T. Ross, J. Harrow, M. V. Olson, S. Beck, J. Rogers and D. R. Bentley
doi:10.1038/nature04727
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Letters
Suppression of dwarf galaxy formation by cosmic reionization p322
J. Stuart B. Wyithe and Abraham Loeb
doi:10.1038/nature04748
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An aluminium nitride light-emitting diode with a wavelength of 210 nanometres p325
Yoshitaka Taniyasu, Makoto Kasu and Toshiki Makimoto
doi:10.1038/nature04760
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Links between annual, Milankovitch and continuum temperature variability p329
Peter Huybers and William Curry
doi:10.1038/nature04745
First paragraph | Full Text | PDF (465K) | Supplementary information
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Seismic detection of folded, subducted lithosphere at the core–mantle boundary p333
Alexander R. Hutko, Thorne Lay, Edward J. Garnero and Justin Revenaugh
doi:10.1038/nature04757
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Embryological evidence for developmental lability during early angiosperm evolution p337
William E. Friedman
doi:10.1038/nature04690
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Copper-containing plastocyanin used for electron transport by an oceanic diatom p341
Graham Peers and Neil M. Price
doi:10.1038/nature04630
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Horizontal endosymbiont transmission in hydrothermal vent tubeworms p345
Andrea D. Nussbaumer, Charles R. Fisher and Monika Bright
doi:10.1038/nature04793
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Polycomb complexes repress developmental regulators in murine embryonic stem cells p349
Laurie A. Boyer, Kathrin Plath, Julia Zeitlinger, Tobias Brambrink, Lea A. Medeiros, Tong Ihn Lee, Stuart S. Levine, Marius Wernig, Adriana Tajonar, Mridula K. Ray, George W. Bell, Arie P. Otte, Miguel Vidal, David K. Gifford, Richard A. Young and Rudolf Jaenisch
doi:10.1038/nature04733
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A TAS1R receptor-based explanation of sweet 'water-taste' p354
Veronica Galindo-Cuspinera, Marcel Winnig, Bernd Bufe, Wolfgang Meyerhof and Paul A. S. Breslin
doi:10.1038/nature04765
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Platensimycin is a selective FabF inhibitor with potent antibiotic properties p358
Jun Wang, Stephen M. Soisson, Katherine Young, Wesley Shoop, Srinivas Kodali, Andrew Galgoci, Ronald Painter, Gopalakrishnan Parthasarathy, Yui S. Tang, Richard Cummings, Sookhee Ha, Karen Dorso, Mary Motyl, Hiranthi Jayasuriya, John Ondeyka, Kithsiri Herath, Chaowei Zhang, Lorraine Hernandez, John Allocco, Ángela Basilio, José R. Tormo, Olga Genilloud, Francisca Vicente, Fernando Pelaez, Lawrence Colwell, Sang Ho Lee, Bruce Michael, Thomas Felcetto, Charles Gill, Lynn L. Silver, Jeffery D. Hermes, Ken Bartizal, John Barrett, Dennis Schmatz, Joseph W. Becker, Doris Cully and Sheo B. Singh
doi:10.1038/nature04784
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A keratin cytoskeletal protein regulates protein synthesis and epithelial cell growth p362
Seyun Kim, Pauline Wong and Pierre A. Coulombe
doi:10.1038/nature04659
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Critical role for the p110 phosphoinositide-3-OH kinase in growth and metabolic regulation p366
Lazaros C. Foukas, Marc Claret, Wayne Pearce, Klaus Okkenhaug, Stephen Meek, Emma Peskett, Sara Sancho, Andrew J. H. Smith, Dominic J. Withers and Bart Vanhaesebroeck
doi:10.1038/nature04694
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The mechanism of cell differentiation in Bacillus subtilis p371
Dagmar Iber, Joanna Clarkson, Michael D. Yudkin and Iain D. Campbell
doi:10.1038/nature04666
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Cleavage of pre-tRNAs by the splicing endonuclease requires a composite active site p375
Christopher R. Trotta, Sergey V. Paushkin, Meenal Patel, Hong Li and Stuart W. Peltz
doi:10.1038/nature04741
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Naturejobs
Prospect
Prospect p379
Misconduct has ripple effects beyond the perpetrator.
Paul Smaglik
doi:10.1038/nj7091-379a
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Career Views
Mahendra Rao, vice-president, research, stem cells and regenerative medicine, Invitrogen, Carlsbad, California p380
Stem-cell scientist heads for industry.
Virginia Gewin
doi:10.1038/nj7091-380a
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International view from Japan p380
Kyoto students reach out for international collaborators.
Keiko Muraki
doi:10.1038/nj7091-380b
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The many legs of fear p380
How to avoid being 'bugged' in the lab.
Mhairi Dupré
doi:10.1038/nj7091-380c
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Futures
The visible men p382
Or, down the multiversal rabbit hole.
Michael Moorcock
doi:10.1038/441382a
Full Text | PDF (228K)
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