| 2006年09月21日 Nature中英文摘要 | 点击： 作者： 来源： 时间： 2006-11-11 本站论坛
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Volume 443 Number 7109 pp245-370 (21 September 2006)
September 21, 2006
封面故事：330万年前的南方古猿
使人之所以为人的很多东西都在于我们的孩童时期。对于更新世灵长动物（人类被认为是由它们进化来的）的早期发育我们几乎一无所知。随着一个幼年南方古猿距今330万年的部分骨架在埃塞俄比亚Dikika地区的发现，这种情况将会改变。这是一个被认为3岁大的雌性个体的头骨，它表明，即使在幼年个体身上，该物种（著名的“露西”部分骨架也属于这个种）大多数诊断特征也都有了。该骨架的其余部分（包括一只脚和一个肩膀）表明，该动物的脚大部分时间是放在地面上的。但其在很像大猩猩的肩胛骨和长而弯曲的趾骨，将会重新引发关于树栖生活对于南方古猿及其祖先重要性的争论。
September 21, 2006
肥胖的根源和减肥的困惑
肥胖的流行，将人们的注意力集中在了控制食物摄取和体重的中枢神经系统的性质上。当身体中脂肪储存减少时，人们寻找食物的动机和食量都会增加（后者的增加是通过对饱度的感觉来进行的），直到能量存储得到补充，而影响这一神经过程的突变在动物模型和人身上都会引起严重肥胖。理论上，以leptin、ghrelin和其他相关配体的神经受体为作用目标的药物有用作减肥药物的可能性，但人们所希望的治疗上的突破尚未出现。Morton等人对该领域的最新研究工作进行了评述，让我们注意到了正常和异常能量平衡之间的微妙差别。
September 21, 2006
大脑中与幻觉产生相关的区域
当觉得某个人在附近而又没有人在附近的那种奇怪的感觉，健康人和神经病患者都曾有过。研究人员从一位癫痫病患者身上已经获得了触发这种幻觉的线索，该患者不断幻想到一个人，这个人会像影子一样密切影响到她身体位置和姿势的变化。这种幻觉的提示，是左颞顶交汇点上一个区域的刺激，这说明身体中和大脑这一部分自身中的多感觉处理过程可能受到了干扰。
September 21, 2006
风中的蜡烛：不合规则的超新星
Ia类超新星被认为是可靠的距离指示器，天文学家正是通过它们来探测宇宙加速膨胀的，也是通过它们知道暗能量可能存在。它们作为距离标准的所谓的可靠性来自这样一个事实：它们拥有标准数量的燃料和一个统一的触发器。天文学家预测，当白矮星的质量接近1.4个太阳质量的“Chandrasekhar质量”时，它们就会爆炸。现在，Howell等人发现，高红移超新星SNLS-03D3bb不遵守这些规则：它极高的亮度和低动能都意味着，它有一个具有超级Chandrasekhar质量的祖先。所以今后，宇宙研究在计算距离时可能需要考虑来自这种事件的“污染”的可能性。
September 21, 2006
没有阳光的日光浴
皮肤白的人患皮肤癌的风险更大，经常会有一个比较弱的晒太阳反应。D’Orazio等人开发出一个关于皮肤白皙程度的、用遗传学方法定义的小鼠模型，其依据是Mc1r基因（为melanocortin-1受体编码），该基因表现在皮肤白皙的人身上。这些小鼠身上由紫外线诱导的色素沉积（皮肤颜色变深的过程），被发现涉及刺激荷尔蒙的黑素细胞表达为角化细胞。由模仿这种增强的melanocortin-1受体信号作用的一种小分子的局部施用所诱导的“无阳光肤色变深”，能刺激色素沉积，从而保护肤色浅的小鼠不会发生DNA损坏和形成癌症。
September 21, 2006
为什么“大西洋厄尔尼诺”难以预测？
“大西洋厄尔尼诺”是一种气候模式，与发生在热带东太平洋表层海水中的厄尔尼诺温度波动相似。“大西洋厄尔尼诺”被认为对大西洋气候有重要影响，很可能是由更有名的“太平洋厄尔尼诺”驱动的，但我们目前对其进行预测的能力是有限的。由于“太平洋厄尔尼诺”可用当前的耦合气候模型提前一、两个季度预测出来，这更加让人感到困惑。一项新的研究表明，预测“大西洋厄尔尼诺”的困难在于这样一个事实：赤道大西洋中局部海洋-大气相互作用，会破坏性地干扰来自“太平洋厄尔尼诺”的远程影响。这为耦合气候模型提出一个更加苛刻的要求：它们不仅需要模拟两个竞争的过程，而且需要预测其相对强度和破坏性干扰作用。
September 21, 2006
格陵兰冰层中冰减少速度加快
利用来自“引力恢复和气候实验”（GRACE）卫星的引力场的波动对格陵兰冰层所做的一次新的普查，显示该冰层的冰减少速度明显加快。在2004年5月至2006年4月间，相对于前两年，冰减少速度加快了两倍以上。这种加速主要发生在该冰层的南部。这些发现与对GRACE数据的一次独立分析的结果是一致的，与最近认为该冰层对气候波动的响应比以前所想的更快的观点也是一致的。
September 21, 2006
一种H/ACA box核蛋白的结构已被确定
一些RNA因特定核苷变成假尿苷而被改变。这个过程是由被称为H/ACA box核蛋白的特殊RNA-蛋白复合物调控的，后者也参与核糖体RNA处理，并且是脊椎动物端粒酶的一个成分。现在，来自超耐温的古细菌Pyrococcus furiosus的一个完整的H/ACA box核蛋白的结构已被确定。该结构由四个蛋白和一个发卡RNA构成，它表明每个蛋白都有一个功能，并且反映了引导发卡RNA是怎样被定位、并与其在RNA基质上的目标序列配对的。这些发现对于“先天性角化不良”（dyskeratosis congenita）的研究可能有参考价值。这是一种罕见的遗传疾病，由端粒酶复合物中的缺陷造成。
September 21, 2006
血管原细胞的存在有了证据
血管原细胞是血液和内皮细胞的一种生物势前体，几乎100年前就被假设存在了，但其存在一直缺乏正式的证据。现在，Vogelli等人提供了证明它存在的活体证据。斑马鱼胚胎的高分辨率、单细胞系研究表明，血管原细胞存在于早期鱼类胚胎中。他们还发现了该类细胞的一些特征，如它们在腹侧中胚层中的位置、以及血液和由该类细胞形成的内皮细胞的比例等。
September 21, 2006
PD-1功能与T-细胞功能的关系也存在于人体
阻断被称为PD-1 (programmed death 1)的一种蛋白，也许能提供一种促进被HIV感染破坏的T-细胞免疫功能的方法。今年早些时候发表的一项研究表明，阻断被病毒感染的小鼠的PD-1功能，可恢复耗尽的T-细胞的功能，帮助抵抗感染。现在，该现象被发现也出现在人身上。感染HIV病毒的患者体内的T-细胞，被发现其表面上的PD-1受体要比正常情况下多很多。PD-1的产生程度，与包括T-细胞失活程度和体内病毒水平在内的病情发展指标相关。在实验室进行的实验中，一种阻断该受体的抗体能促进针对HIV的免疫响应，说明一个类似的策略也许也能抵抗人体疾病。
Contents
Editorials
An ailing agency p245
Public health needs strong advocacy within government — and Congress should make sure that the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention continues to provide it.
doi:10.1038/443245a
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Libya's travesty p245
Six medical workers in Libya face execution. It is not too late for scientists to speak up on their behalf.
doi:10.1038/443245b
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The brief goodbye p246
Because of trends in submissions, Nature's Brief Communications will bow out at the end of the year.
doi:10.1038/443246a
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Top of pageResearch Highlights
Research highlights p248
doi:10.1038/443248a
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Top of pageNews
Claims of brain drain follow CDC reshuffle p250
US may be ill-prepared for disease outbreaks.
Helen Pearson
doi:10.1038/443250a
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Health agency backs use of DDT against malaria p250
Much-maligned pesticide returns to the front line.
Apoorva Mandavilli
doi:10.1038/443250b
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Agency accused of 'illusion of integrity' p252
NIH grilled over handling of ethics breaches.
Meredith Wadman
doi:10.1038/443252a
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Mystery surrounds lab death p253
Japanese biologist found poisoned at his bench.
Ichiko Fuyuno and David Cyranoski
doi:10.1038/443253a
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Sidelines p254
doi:10.1038/443254a
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Lawyers call for science to clear AIDS nurses in Libya p254
International pressure needed to save health workers from death penalty.
Declan Butler
doi:10.1038/443254b
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Snapshot: Idol scans p256
An inside view of a holy statue.
Alison Abbott
doi:10.1038/443256a
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That's no laser, it's a particle accelerator p256
Device mimics light source to speed up electrons.
Geoff Brumfiel
doi:10.1038/443256b
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News in brief p257
doi:10.1038/443257a
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Top of pageBusiness
Sequencers step up to the speed challenge p258
In future, hospitals should be able to sequence patient DNA swiftly and cheaply. Rex Dalton reports on the firms bringing that day closer.
doi:10.1038/443258a
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In brief p259
doi:10.1038/443259a
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Market watch p259
doi:10.1038/443259b
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Top of pageNews Features
Medicine: Sleep it off p261
We've been told to eat less and move more to battle the growing obesity epidemic. But could getting more shuteye also be a way to fight the fat? Helen Pearson investigates.
doi:10.1038/443261a
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Environmental science: A testing experience p265
Interdisciplinary research is the new buzzword, but does a grounding in different disciplines really make you better at solving problems? Amanda Haag joins an experiment to find out.
doi:10.1038/443265a
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Palaeoanthropology: The history man p268
Maurice Taieb laid the groundwork for the discovery of Lucy, the most famous fossil human ancestor. Rex Dalton meets the Tunisian-born geologist who prefers the desert to the limelight.
doi:10.1038/443268a
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Top of pageCorrespondence
Freedom of the mind got Nature banned by the Nazis p271
Uwe Hofeld and Lennart Olsson
doi:10.1038/443271a
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Iran: support for science does not outweigh crimes p271
Itamar Rabinovich
doi:10.1038/443271b
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Iran is sixth, not second, in Middle East publication list p271
Eran Meshorer
doi:10.1038/443271c
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Iran's progress towards nuclear capability is no joke p271
Guy Goodwin
doi:10.1038/443271d
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Taking time to savour the rewards of slow science p271
Lisa Alleva
doi:10.1038/443271e
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Top of pageBooks and Arts
The road to hell? p273
The good intentions of a leading ecologist may not be enough to save Earth's biodiversity.
Simon Conway Morris reviews The Creation: An Appeal to Save Life on Earth by E. O. Wilson
doi:10.1038/443273a
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Teeming boisterous life p274
Jon Copley reviews Sensuous Seas: Tales of a Marine Biologist by Eugene H. Kaplan
doi:10.1038/443274a
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Astronomy through the years p274
Jay M. Pasachoff reviews The Cosmic Century: A History of Astrophysics and Cosmology by Malcolm Longair
doi:10.1038/443274b
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Failing the ailing p275
Andrew Scull reviews Bad Medicine: Doctors Doing Harm Since Hippocrates by David Wootton
doi:10.1038/443275a
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Science in Culture: A miracle in sight p276
Adam Elsheimer painted the starry heavens in 1609.
Martin Kemp
doi:10.1038/443276a
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Top of pageNews and Views
Climate change: Greenland's ice on the scales p277
Satellite measurements of changes in Earth's gravity field reveal ice loss from Greenland's ice sheet. Over the past four years, this melt has contributed to global sea-level rise at an accelerating rate.
Tavi Murray
doi:10.1038/443277a
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Palaeoanthropology: A precious little bundle p278
The three-million-year old skeleton of a three-year-old child provides an outstanding resource to understand the development of a human ancestor that seems to have both walked upright and climbed through trees.
Bernard Wood
doi:10.1038/443278a
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50 & 100 years ago p279
doi:10.1038/443279a
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Mathematical physics: Search research p281
How does one best search for non-replenishable targets at unknown positions? An optimized search strategy could be applied to situations as diverse as animal foraging and time-sensitive rescue missions.
Michael F. Shlesinger
doi:10.1038/443281a
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HIV: Tired T cells turn around p282
HIV-1 prompts a massive cellular immune response, but eventually it tires the immune cells. Blocking the activation of a cell receptor called PD-1 might restore these exhausted cells.
Sarah Rowland-Jones and Tao Dong
doi:10.1038/443282a
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Astronomy: Champagne supernova p283
Thermonuclear supernovae were thought to occur only when white-dwarf stars of a certain mass explode. The discovery of a supernova that is way over the mass limit might require a reworking of the model.
David Branch
doi:10.1038/443283a
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Stem cells: A new route to rejuvenation p284
Embryonic stem cells are prized for their ability to mature into all the specialized adult cell types. It may now be possible to reprogramme adult body cells to have the characteristics of stem cells.
M. Azim Surani and Anne McLaren
doi:10.1038/443284a
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Chemical biology: A sweet exchange p285
Many drugs isolated from microorganisms have complex molecular structures, making it difficult for chemists to modify them. But it seems that enzymes can provide a short cut to drug variants.
Christopher T. Walsh
doi:10.1038/443285a
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Top of pageBrief Communications
Induction of an illusory shadow person p287
Shahar Arzy, Margitta Seeck, Stephanie Ortigue, Laurent Spinelli and Olaf Blanke
doi:10.1038/443287a
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Top of pageBrief Communications Arising
Gene therapy: Is IL2RG oncogenic in T-cell development? pE5
Karin Pike-Overzet, Dick de Ridder, Floor Weerkamp, Miranda R. M. Baert, Monique M. Verstegen, Martijn H. Brugman, Steven J. Howe, Marcel J. T. Reinders, Adrian J. Thrasher, Gerard Wagemaker, Jacques J. M. van Dongen and Frank J. T. Staal
doi:10.1038/nature05218
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Gene therapy: X-SCID transgene leukaemogenicity pE5
Adrian J. Thrasher, H. Bobby Gaspar, Christopher Baum, Ute Modlich, Axel Schambach, Fabio Candotti, Makoto Otsu, Brian Sorrentino, Linda Scobie, Ewan Cameron, Karen Blyth, Jim Neil, Salima Hacein-Bey Abina, Marina Cavazzana-Calvo and Alain Fischer
doi:10.1038/nature05219
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Gene therapy: Is IL2RG oncogenic in T-cell development?: X-SCID transgene leukaemogenicity (reply) pE6
Niels-Bjarne Woods, Virginie Bottero, Manfred Schmidt, Christof von Kalle and Inder M. Verma
doi:10.1038/nature05220
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Top of pageReview
Central nervous system control of food intake and body weight p289
G. J. Morton, D. E. Cummings, D. G. Baskin, G. S. Barsh and M. W. Schwartz
doi:10.1038/nature05026
Abstract | Full Text | PDF (2,537K)
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Top of pageArticles
A juvenile early hominin skeleton from Dikika, Ethiopia p296
Zeresenay Alemseged, Fred Spoor, William H. Kimbel, René Bobe, Denis Geraads, Denné Reed and Jonathan G. Wynn
doi:10.1038/nature05047
Abstract | Full Text | PDF (431K) | Supplementary information
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Crystal structure of an H/ACA box ribonucleoprotein particle p302
Ling Li and Keqiong Ye
doi:10.1038/nature05151
Abstract | Full Text | PDF (748K) | Supplementary information
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Top of pageLetters
The type Ia supernova SNLS-03D3bb from a super-Chandrasekhar-mass white dwarf star p308
D. Andrew Howell, Mark Sullivan, Peter E. Nugent, Richard S. Ellis, Alexander J. Conley, Damien Le Borgne, Raymond G. Carlberg, Julien Guy, David Balam, Stephane Basa, Dominique Fouchez, Isobel M. Hook, Eric Y. Hsiao, James D. Neill, Reynald Pain, Kathryn M. Perrett and Christopher J. Pritchet
doi:10.1038/nature05103
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Spontaneous symmetry breaking in a quenched ferromagnetic spinor Bose–Einstein condensate p312
L. E. Sadler, J. M. Higbie, S. R. Leslie, M. Vengalattore and D. M. Stamper-Kurn
doi:10.1038/nature05094
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'Designer atoms' for quantum metrology p316
C. F. Roos, M. Chwalla, K. Kim, M. Riebe and R. Blatt
doi:10.1038/nature05101
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A guest-free germanium clathrate p320
Arnold M. Guloy, Reiner Ramlau, Zhongjia Tang, Walter Schnelle, Michael Baitinger and Yuri Grin
doi:10.1038/nature05145
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The cause of the fragile relationship between the Pacific El Niño and the Atlantic Niño p324
Ping Chang, Yue Fang, R. Saravanan, Link Ji and Howard Seidel
doi:10.1038/nature05053
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Acceleration of Greenland ice mass loss in spring 2004 p329
Isabella Velicogna and John Wahr
doi:10.1038/nature05168
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Geological and palaeontological context of a Pliocene juvenile hominin at Dikika, Ethiopia p332
Jonathan G. Wynn, Zeresenay Alemseged, René Bobe, Denis Geraads, Denné Reed and Diana C. Roman
doi:10.1038/nature05048
First paragraph | Full Text | PDF (1,139K) | Supplementary information
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A common progenitor for haematopoietic and endothelial lineages in the zebrafish gastrula p337
Kevin M. Vogeli, Suk-Won Jin, Gail R. Martin and Didier Y. R. Stainier
doi:10.1038/nature05045
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Topical drug rescue strategy and skin protection based on the role of Mc1r in UV-induced tanning p340
John A. D'Orazio, Tetsuji Nobuhisa, Rutao Cui, Michelle Arya, Malinda Spry, Kazumasa Wakamatsu, Vivien Igras, Takahiro Kunisada, Scott R. Granter, Emi K. Nishimura, Shosuke Ito and David E. Fisher
doi:10.1038/nature05098
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Calcineurin/NFAT signalling regulates pancreatic -cell growth and function p345
Jeremy J. Heit, Åsa A. Apelqvist, Xueying Gu, Monte M. Winslow, Joel R. Neilson, Gerald R. Crabtree and Seung K. Kim
doi:10.1038/nature05097
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PD-1 expression on HIV-specific T cells is associated with T-cell exhaustion and disease progression p350
Cheryl L. Day, Daniel E. Kaufmann, Photini Kiepiela, Julia A. Brown, Eshia S. Moodley, Sharon Reddy, Elizabeth W. Mackey, Joseph D. Miller, Alasdair J. Leslie, Chantal DePierres, Zenele Mncube, Jaikumar Duraiswamy, Baogong Zhu, Quentin Eichbaum, Marcus Altfeld, E. John Wherry, Hoosen M. Coovadia, Philip J. R. Goulder, Paul Klenerman, Rafi Ahmed, Gordon J. Freeman and Bruce D. Walker
doi:10.1038/nature05115
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Stoichiometry and turnover in single, functioning membrane protein complexes p355
Mark C. Leake, Jennifer H. Chandler, George H. Wadhams, Fan Bai, Richard M. Berry and Judith P. Armitage
doi:10.1038/nature05135
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Prevalence of off-target effects in Drosophila RNA interference screens p359
Yong Ma, Adrian Creanga, Lawrence Lum and Philip A. Beachy
doi:10.1038/nature05179
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Top of pageNaturejobs
Prospect
Prospects p365
Paul Smaglik
doi:10.1038/nj7109-365a
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Region
Up and coming p366
Beyond the urban chaos of New York City lies a tranquil state with abundant career opportunities, says Ricki Lewis.
Ricki Lewis
doi:10.1038/nj7109-366a
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Career Views
Arthur Ellis, vice-chancellor for research, University of California, San Diego p368
Virginia Gewin
doi:10.1038/nj7109-368a
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The mouse house p368
Hannah Hoag
doi:10.1038/nj7109-368b
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Farewell to the hive p368
Katja Bargum
doi:10.1038/nj7109-368c
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Top of pageFutures
Dr Williamson and the master speed p370
Location, location, location.
Michael Livingston
doi:10.1038/443370a
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