2006年4月21日 美国《科学》周刊312卷 第5772期
本期专题部分：
流感[To top]
高度致病的禽流感病毒株H5N1在全球大部分地区的惊人的传播突出了人类面对新子类流感病毒出现的危险。本期《科学》专题部分的作者描述了我们能够将目前对H5N1禽流感毒株的关注用于建立一个长期的监视和对付类似的新兴传染病的国际基础设施的一些方法。专题部分包括一篇综述、几篇论文评述、一组新闻报道、以及一篇社论，还包括几项曾在《科学特快》在线发表过的新研究的印刷版。
专题介绍：Influenza: The State of Our Ignorance, Caroline Ash and Leslie Roberts
火星上水的历史[To top]
用新的覆盖几乎火星全部表面的矿物质地图，科学家根据水在改变表面矿物质上起的作用将火星的历史分成了三个历史时期。Jean-Pierre Bibring 和同事的新研究的数据来自火星特快上的主要光谱仪OMEGA，以及其他火星环绕器和两个登陆器做出的相关观察。虽然人们普遍认为水导致了火星表面很大程度的侵蚀，但是这些由水引起的活动究竟是短期还是长期的问题一直没有答案。文章作者说，在最早的历史时期，长期存在的水体在碱性环境中形成了粘土矿物质。第二个历史时期是随火星全球气候变化而出现的，这可能是全球表面火山活动的结果，这个时期带来了酸性较高的环境。这个时期中水的存在不是持续的，导致了硫酸盐的形成。最近的也是最长的历史时期开始于约35亿年前，这个时期的特点是含有矿物质的大部分岩石看起来被一个缓慢的、表面的风化过程所改变，水在其中不起住要作用。文章作者指出，最早的泥土矿物历史时期的条件最有可能允许生物存在，他们说这些泥土矿物给未来的火星探索提供了令人兴奋的靶标。
研究文章：Global Mineralogical and Aqueous Mars History Derived from OMEGA/Mars Express Data, Jean-Pierre Bibring, et al.
太平洋和大西洋是什么时候连起来的？[To top]
科学家说，太平洋和大西洋看起来是在大约4100万年前在南美洲和南极洲的一个点连起来的，这比过去的许多估计要早，这项研究也许能使研究人员更好地了解造成约3400万年前南极洲冰川作用普遍出现的原因。这个名为德雷克海峡的通道的打开，被认为是南极绕极流(ACC)形成的关键的一步。如今，这个环绕南极洲的大洋流是南部海洋生产力的主要来源，而且人们认为ACC使温暖的海水不流向南极大陆。ACC也许通过在南极洲与较暖的低纬度水之间提供热隔离，在3400万年前南极冰架的形成上起过重要的作用。过去对德雷克海峡形成年代的估计最早为4900万年前，最迟为1700万年前，这就比较难分析德雷克海峡和ACC在南极洲冰川作用中起了什么作用。在这项新研究中，Howie Scher和Ellen Martin用来自鱼牙齿化石的同位素显示，来自太平洋的水在4100万年前通过德雷克海峡进入了大西洋。这比ACC 3500万年前形成的最后阶段以及早新生代温室气候变化后南极大陆主要冰架生长都要早许多。
报告：Timing and Climatic Consequences of the Opening of Drake Passage, Howie D. Scher and Ellen E. Martin
钻穿地壳[To top]
科学家首次钻穿了地壳层的一个完整序列，一直进入其下面的由岩浆固化而形成的原始火成岩层。这个"辉长岩层(gabbro layer)"位于地球大部分海底之下，确定辉长岩层的深度应该有利于了解中洋脊处地壳的形成和演化。Douglas Wilson和同事在东太平洋中脊附近钻了一个1.6公理深的通道，一直到辉长岩。由于靠近快速扩散的中洋脊，这个位置的地壳比较薄。文章作者说，确定出的辉长岩深度证实了岩浆库在快速扩散的地壳下较浅处形成，辉长岩是从岩浆库的下面被推上来的。这项新工作还提出，地震波的速度更多地受岩石的多孔性而不是类型控制。
科学特快报告：Drilling to Gabbro in Intact Ocean Crust, Douglas S. Wilson, et al.
超导逻辑电路[To top]
一个荷兰和德国小组在一个高温超导线路中设计出一个"触发器门"，这也许能成为用超导体做逻辑操作的一个有用的工具。超导体给逻辑操作提供了不可比拟的速度，但是大多数超导材料只能在极低的温度下工作，所以它们在电子和逻辑线路中的应用一直不现实。研究人员曾提出高温超导体的非同寻常的量子力学性质也许在逻辑操作中有用，其中存储是以磁通量单位贮存的。Thomas Ortlepp和同事通过控制磁脉冲在高温超导线路中设计和测试了一个触发器门。
科学特快报告：Flip-Flopping Fractional Flux Quanta, Thomas Ortlepp, et al.
保护基因研究的对象[To top]
随着DNA测序变得更快、更便宜，科学家正在采集越来越多的个人DNA序列。目前，这些序列数据是"去识别(de-identified)"的，也就是说研究对象的个人信息是保密的，但是Amy L. McGuire和Richard A. Gibbs说，这样做已经不足以保护研究对象。在本期的"政策论坛"中，他们引用一个不久前的研究来说明这个问题，该研究发现只用75个单碱基对的不同（SNPs）就能确定了一个人的独特的基因组。文章作者提出基因组测序研究应该被认为是人类对象研究，显然应该属于现有联邦政府规定的研究对象保护范围。他们还建议了一个新的知情同意程序，研究对象应该被告知他们的DNA将被如何分析，并有权决定允许那些人共享他们的DNA数据。
政策论坛：No Longer De-Identified, Amy L. McGuire and Richard A. Gibbs
Contents
Special Issue
Influenza
Influenza: The State of Our Ignorance
Caroline Ash and Leslie Roberts
Science 21 April 2006: 379.
Summary »| PDF »|
News
A One-Size-Fits-All Flu Vaccine?
Jocelyn Kaiser
Science 21 April 2006: 380-382.
Summary »| Full Text »| PDF »|
Oseltamivir Becomes Plentiful--But Still Not Cheap
Martin Enserink
Science 21 April 2006: 382-383.
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Perspectives
Emergence of Drug-Resistant Influenza Virus: Population Dynamical Considerations
Roland R. Regoes and Sebastian Bonhoeffer
Science 21 April 2006: 389-391.
Abstract »| Full Text »| PDF »| Supporting Online Material »|
Predictability and Preparedness in Influenza Control
Derek J. Smith
Science 21 April 2006: 392-394.
Abstract »| Full Text »| PDF »|
Host Species Barriers to Influenza Virus Infections
Thijs Kuiken, Edward C. Holmes, John McCauley, Guus F. Rimmelzwaan, Catherine S. Williams, and Bryan T. Grenfell
Science 21 April 2006: 394-397.
Abstract »| Full Text »| PDF »|
Review
Global Patterns of Influenza A Virus in Wild Birds
Björn Olsen, Vincent J. Munster, Anders Wallensten, Jonas Waldenström, Albert D. M. E. Osterhaus, and Ron A. M. Fouchier
Science 21 April 2006: 384-388.
Abstract »| Full Text »| PDF »| Supporting Online Material »|
Contents
This Week in Science
Editor summaries of this week's papers.
Science 21 April 2006: 333.
|Full Text »
Editorial:
Early Diagnosis of Avian Influenza
Peter S. Lu
Science 21 April 2006: 337.
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Editors' Choice
Highlights of the recent literature.
Science 21 April 2006: 338.
|Full Text »
NetWatch
Best of the Web in science.
Science 21 April 2006: 343.
|Full Text »
NEW PRODUCTS
Science 21 April 2006: 455.
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News of the Week
BIOMEDICAL RESEARCH: Court Decides Tissue Samples Belong to University, Not Patients
Jocelyn Kaiser
Science 21 April 2006: 346.
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WOMEN IN SCIENCE: Progress on Hiring Women Science Faculty Members Stalls at MIT
Andrew Lawler
Science 21 April 2006: 347-348.
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SCIENCE POLICY: NSF Begins a Push to Measure Societal Impacts of Research
Jeffrey Mervis
Science 21 April 2006: 347.
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COSMOLOGY: Skewed Starlight Suggests Particle Masses Changed Over Eons
Adrian Cho
Science 21 April 2006: 348.
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DEVELOPMENT: Gene-Suppressing Proteins Reveal Secrets of Stem Cells
Constance Holden
Science 21 April 2006: 349.
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GEOPHYSICS: Opening the Door to a Chilly New Climate Regime
Richard A. Kerr
Science 21 April 2006: 350.
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SOUTHEAST ASIA: Thai Scientists Secure Royally Inspired Windfall
Richard Stone
Science 21 April 2006: 350.
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CLIMATOLOGY: Latest Forecast: Stand By for a Warmer, But Not Scorching, World
Richard A. Kerr
Science 21 April 2006: 351.
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ScienceScope
Science 21 April 2006: 349.
|Full Text »
Random Samples
Science 21 April 2006: 345.
|Full Text »
Newsmakers
Science 21 April 2006: 363.
|Full Text »
News Focus
ISRAEL-PALESTINE SCIENCE: Bridging the Divide in the Holy Land
John Bohannon
Science 21 April 2006: 352-356.
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ISRAEL-PALESTINE SCIENCE: Palestinian Archaeology Braces for a Storm
John Bohannon
Science 21 April 2006: 352-353.
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ISRAEL-PALESTINE SCIENCE: Breaking Up Bomb Plots--and Habitats?
John Bohannon
Science 21 April 2006: 354-355.
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CANCER RESEARCH: After Regime Change at the National Cancer Institute
Jocelyn Kaiser
Science 21 April 2006: 357-359.
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MEETING BRIEFS: Graves of the Pacific's First Seafarers Revealed
Richard Stone
Science 21 April 2006: 360.
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MEETING BRIEFS: When in Vietnam, Build Boats as the Romans Do
Richard Stone
Science 21 April 2006: 360-361.
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MEETING BRIEFS: Java Man's First Tools
Richard Stone
Science 21 April 2006: 361.
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Letters
This Week's Letters
Science 21 April 2006: 365.
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Assessing Clinical Trial Results
Matthew James Cockerill, Melissa Norton;, Emma Veitch;, An-Wen Chan, Ida Sim, A. Metin Gülmezoglu, Patrick Unterlerchner, Ghassan Karam, Tikki Pang;, and Celia B. Fisher
Science 21 April 2006: 365-366.
Full Text »| PDF »|
Ethics Issues in Stem Cell Research
International Stem Cell Forum Ethics Working Party
Science 21 April 2006: 366-367.
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Books et al.
EDUCATION: Toward Rational Education Policy
Robert L. DeHaan
Science 21 April 2006: 368.
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MATHEMATICS AND ART: CT Scans vs. X-rays
Marjorie Senechal
Science 21 April 2006: 368-369.
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Books Received
Science 21 April 2006: 369.
Summary »|
Policy Forum
GENETICS: No Longer De-Identified
Amy L. McGuire and Richard A. Gibbs
Science 21 April 2006: 370-371.
Summary »| Full Text »| PDF »|
Perspectives
ECOLOGY: Mutualistic Webs of Species
John N. Thompson
Science 21 April 2006: 372-373.
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CHEMISTRY: The First Femtosecond in the Life of a Chemical Reaction
Philip H. Bucksbaum
Science 21 April 2006: 373-374.
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APPLIED PHYSICS: Laser-Driven Particle Accelerators
Mike Dunne
Science 21 April 2006: 374-376.
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MATERIALS SCIENCE: Enhanced: Self-Assembly of Unusual Nanoparticle Crystals
Orlin D. Velev
Science 21 April 2006: 376-377.
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PHARMACOLOGY: Hitting the Hot Spots of Cell Signaling Cascades
John Joseph Grubb Tesmer
Science 21 April 2006: 377-378.
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Brevia
H5N1 Virus Attachment to Lower Respiratory Tract
Debby van Riel, Vincent J. Munster, Emmie de Wit, Guus F. Rimmelzwaan, Ron A. M. Fouchier, Ab D. M. E. Osterhaus, and Thijs Kuiken
Science 21 April 2006: 399.
Published online 23 March 2006 [DOI: 10.1126/science.1125548] (in Science Express Brevia)
Avian influenza H5N1 attaches most efficiently to cell types located deep in the lungs of some mammals, influencing pathology and transmissibility.
Abstract »| Full Text »| PDF »| Supporting Online Material »|
Research Articles
Global Mineralogical and Aqueous Mars History Derived from OMEGA/Mars Express Data
Jean-Pierre Bibring, Yves Langevin, John F. Mustard, François Poulet, Raymond Arvidson, Aline Gendrin, Brigitte Gondet, Nicolas Mangold, P. Pinet, F. Forget, the OMEGA team, Michel Berthé, Jean-Pierre Bibring, Aline Gendrin, Cécile Gomez, Brigitte Gondet, Denis Jouglet, François Poulet, Alain Soufflot, Mathieu Vincendon, Michel Combes, Pierre Drossart, Thérèse Encrenaz, Thierry Fouchet, Riccardo Merchiorri, GianCarlo Belluci, Francesca Altieri, Vittorio Formisano, Fabricio Capaccioni, Pricilla Cerroni, Angioletta Coradini, Sergio Fonti, Oleg Korablev, Volodia Kottsov, Nikolai Ignatiev, Vassili Moroz, Dimitri Titov, Ludmilla Zasova, Damien Loiseau, Nicolas Mangold, Patrick Pinet, Sylvain Douté, Bernard Schmitt, Christophe Sotin, Ernst Hauber, Harald Hoffmann, Ralf Jaumann, Uwe Keller, Ray Arvidson, John F. Mustard, Tom Duxbury, François Forget, and G. Neukum
Science 21 April 2006: 400-404.
Only the oldest rocks on Mars have abundant hydrous and sulfur-bearing minerals, implying that water was widespread on the planet before, but not after, 3.5 billion years ago.
Abstract »| Full Text »| PDF »|
Structure and Receptor Specificity of the Hemagglutinin from an H5N1 Influenza Virus
James Stevens, Ola Blixt, Terrence M. Tumpey, Jeffery K. Taubenberger, James C. Paulson, and Ian A. Wilson
Science 21 April 2006: 404-410.
Published online 16 March 2006 [DOI: 10.1126/science.1124513] (in Science Express Research Articles)
A surface protein on the "bird flu" virus binds avian cells and with a few mutations could allow more avid attachment to human cells, facilitating infection.
Abstract »| Full Text »| PDF »| Supporting Online Material »|
Reports
Ultrafast Laser-Driven Microlens to Focus and Energy-Select Mega-Electron Volt Protons
Toma Toncian, Marco Borghesi, Julien Fuchs, Emmanuel d'Humières, Patrizio Antici, Patrick Audebert, Erik Brambrink, Carlo Alberto Cecchetti, Ariane Pipahl, Lorenzo Romagnani, and Oswald Willi
Science 21 April 2006: 410-413.
Published online 16 February 2006 [DOI: 10.1126/science.1124412] (in Science Express Reports)
A coordinated pair of intense laser pulses—one on a thin solid and one on a small cylinder connected to it—can produce a focused beam of high-energy protons.
Abstract »| Full Text »| PDF »|
Bolometric Infrared Photoresponse of Suspended Single-Walled Carbon Nanotube Films
Mikhail E. Itkis, Ferenc Borondics, Aiping Yu, and Robert C. Haddon
Science 21 April 2006: 413-416.
Films of single-walled carbon nanotubes suspended in a vacuum have remarkably high electrical conductivity when illuminated, a result of efficient heating.
Abstract »| Full Text »| PDF »| Supporting Online Material »|
Atomic Pillar-Based Nanoprecipitates Strengthen AlMgSi Alloys
J. H. Chen, E. Costan, M. A. van Huis, Q. Xu, and H. W. Zandbergen
Science 21 April 2006: 416-419.
Atomic imaging reveals that pillar-like double columns of silicon form the skeleton that strengthens aluminum-magnesium-silicon alloys.
Abstract »| Full Text »| PDF »| Supporting Online Material »|
Electrostatic Self-Assembly of Binary Nanoparticle Crystals with a Diamond-Like Lattice
Alexander M. Kalsin, Marcin Fialkowski, Maciej Paszewski, Stoyan K. Smoukov, Kyle J. M. Bishop, and Bartosz A. Grzybowski
Science 21 April 2006: 420-424.
Published online 23 February 2006 [DOI: 10.1126/science.1125124] (in Science Express Reports)
Oppositely charged nanoparticles self-assemble into mega朿rystal lattices when the extent of their electrostatic interaction is similar to their size.
Abstract »| Full Text »| PDF »| Supporting Online Material »|
Probing Proton Dynamics in Molecules on an Attosecond Time Scale
S. Baker, J. S. Robinson, C. A. Haworth, H. Teng, R. A. Smith, C. C. Chirila, M. Lein, J. W. G. Tisch, and J. P. Marangos
Science 21 April 2006: 424-427.
Published online 2 March 2006 [DOI: 10.1126/science.1123904] (in Science Express Reports)
Nuclear motion in H2 and methane could be clocked less than a femtosecond after ionization by analysis of the photons released through electron-ion recombination.
Abstract »| Full Text »| PDF »| Supporting Online Material »|
Timing and Climatic Consequences of the Opening of Drake Passage
Howie D. Scher and Ellen E. Martin
Science 21 April 2006: 428-430.
The passage between South America and Antarctica opened 6 million years before the passage between Australia and Antarctica opened, allowing formation of the circumpolar current.
Abstract »| Full Text »| PDF »| Supporting Online Material »|
Asymmetric Coevolutionary Networks Facilitate Biodiversity Maintenance
Jordi Bascompte, Pedro Jordano, and Jens M. Olesen
Science 21 April 2006: 431-433.
Large-scale analysis of many plant-animal networks shows that one-sided relationships (a plant depends on a moth for pollination, for example) confer stability on the community.
Abstract »| Full Text »| PDF »| Supporting Online Material »|
Stability via Asynchrony in Drosophila Metapopulations with Low Migration Rates
Sutirth Dey and Amitabh Joshi
Science 21 April 2006: 434-436.
Patchy populations of Drosophila are more stable if only low levels of migration are permitted between patches; high levels increase synchrony and thus vulnerability.
Abstract »| Full Text »| PDF »| Supporting Online Material »|
A Plant miRNA Contributes to Antibacterial Resistance by Repressing Auxin Signaling
Lionel Navarro, Patrice Dunoyer, Florence Jay, Benedict Arnold, Nihal Dharmasiri, Mark Estelle, Olivier Voinnet, and Jonathan D. G. Jones
Science 21 April 2006: 436-439.
Arabidopsis reacts to a bacterial infection by induction of a small RNA that inhibits signaling of a plant hormone, which in turn increases its resistance to the microbe.
Abstract »| Full Text »| PDF »| Supporting Online Material »|
Nuclear Pores Form de Novo from Both Sides of the Nuclear Envelope
Maximiliano A. D'Angelo, Daniel J. Anderson, Erin Richard, and Martin W. Hetzer
Science 21 April 2006: 440-443.
The protein pores that transport molecules through the double-bilayered membrane of the cell nucleus form in situ, with constituents contributed from both sides.
Abstract »| Full Text »| PDF »| Supporting Online Material »|
Differential Targeting of Gß{gamma}-Subunit Signaling with Small Molecules
Tabetha M. Bonacci, Jennifer L. Mathews, Chujun Yuan, David M. Lehmann, Sundeep Malik, Dianqing Wu, Jose L. Font, Jean M. Bidlack, and Alan V. Smrcka
Science 21 April 2006: 443-446.
A screen for small molecules that bind to the interaction region of a key signaling protein yields several that selectively inhibit individual downstream pathways.
Abstract »| Full Text »| PDF »| Supporting Online Material »|
Synchrony, Waves, and Spatial Hierarchies in the Spread of Influenza
Cécile Viboud, Ottar N. Bjørnstad, David L. Smith, Lone Simonsen, Mark A. Miller, and Bryan T. Grenfell
Science 21 April 2006: 447-451.
Published online 30 March 2006 [DOI: 10.1126/science.1125237] (in Science Express Reports)
Thirty years of data indicate that in the United States, seasonal flu epidemics often spread by adult-to-adult transfer during commuting on public transportation.
Abstract »| Full Text »| PDF »| Supporting Online Material »|
RNA Interference Directs Innate Immunity Against Viruses in Adult Drosophila
Xiao-Hong Wang, Roghiyh Aliyari, Wan-Xiang Li, Hong-Wei Li, Kevin Kim, Richard Carthew, Peter Atkinson, and Shou-Wei Ding
Science 21 April 2006: 452-454.
Published online 23 March 2006 [DOI: 10.1126/science.1125694] (in Science Express Reports)
Insects use small RNA silencing mechanisms to neutralize invading viral pathogens.
Abstract »| Full Text »| PDF »| Supporting Online Material »|
Technical Comments
Comment on "Phylogenetic MCMC Algorithms Are Misleading on Mixtures of Trees"
Fredrik Ronquist, Bret Larget, John P. Huelsenbeck, Joseph B. Kadane, Donald Simon, and Paul van der Mark
Science 21 April 2006: 367.
Abstract »| Full Text »| PDF »|
Response to Comment on "Phylogenetic MCMC Algorithms Are Misleading on Mixtures of Trees"
Elchanan Mossel and Eric Vigoda
Science 21 April 2006: 367.
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