
2 June 2006 Vol 312, Issue 5778, Pages 1273-1407
专题部分:游鹰计划 日本航天器Hayabusa日文名字的意思是“游鹰”,与其名字相符,该航天器去年秋季在近地小行星Itokawa上空盘旋几许,先是近距离地对小行星近进行了测量和拍照,然后俯冲下去在小行星上做短暂着陆,首次从一颗小行星上采集了样品。本期《科学》专题部分刊登了同行评议的来自游鹰计划的论文,这些论文应该能帮助研究人员了解周期性掠过地球的“近地小行星”的结构和组成部分。 Akira Fujiwara和同事报告,小行星Itokawa有两个部分,一个小的“头”和一个大的“身”,使其有象海獭的外形,这个小行星似乎是由碎石组成的。(与之相比,过去研究过的小行星看起来通常是由大块的岩石组成的。)这些碎石是松散地堆在一起,中间有很多的空隙,勉强由小行星的引力场聚在一起。如果一个物体与Itokawa碰撞,该物体会像是掉进一桶沙子。与小的太空岩石撞击的痕迹会随着碎石的移动而消失,所以在Itokawa上几乎没有陨石坑。研究人员报告说,与其他被探索过的小行星不同,Itokawa的表面既有大块石头遍野的粗糙地型,也有大小相同的碎石“沙海”,在飞行器拍摄的照片中看上去像天鹅绒那样平滑。 除了Akira Fujiwara和同事的报告,专题部分还包括六篇其他报告以及Erik Asphaug撰写的一篇讨论游鹰计划的研究评述。 专题介绍:The Falcon Has Landed, Joanne Baker 报告:The Rubble-Pile Asteroid Itokawa as Observed by Hayabusa, A. Fujiwara, et al. 研究评述:Adventures in Near-Earth Object Exploration, Erik Asphaug
脊索侧索硬化症的两个步骤 一项用选择性基因沉默的方法作的研究提出,神经元变性疾病--脊索侧索硬化(ALS)的发作和进行是由神经系统两个不同类型的细胞控制的。人们已经知道一个名为SOD1酶的突变是导致ALS的原因之一。Séverine Boillée和同事在小鼠不同的细胞类型中控制突变SOD 1的表达,来准确地确定带有突变SOD1的细胞类型是如何影响疾病过程的。他们发现,运动神经元中突变的SOD1通过启动这些神经元的损伤触发ALS,使疾病开始。当突变的酶在脊髓中围绕运动神经元的发炎细胞中也出现时,这个疾病迅速地发展。研究人员说,如果这些结果被证明与人类的该疾病相关,它也许提示了一个针对非神经元细胞(比如发炎细胞)的、可能的ALS治疗方法。 报告:Onset and Progression in Inherited ALS Determined by Motor Neurons and Microglia, Séverine Boillée, et al.
无花果是最早家化的作物? 一项新研究提出,在约旦谷的一处11,400年前的房屋中发现的无花果样品也许标志着农业最早的形式之一。Mordechai Kislev和同事描述了在Gilgal I考古点发掘出来的残留无花果,显示出这些无花果属于没有授粉就可结果而成熟的那种。这种果子不从树上掉下来,而且成熟时变得软和甜,可以吃。造成这种“单性果实”的突变在某些无花果树上能发生,但是相当罕见。残留的无花果的丰富程度意味着人类发现了这些罕见的树,并通过种植树枝来繁殖它们。 报告:Early Domesticated Fig in the Jordan Valley, Mordechai E. Kislev, Anat Hartmann, and Ofer Bar-Yosef
蝗虫何时成群连锁飞行 研究人员准确地确定出了兜圈飞的沙漠蝗虫形成有序的集体祸患的临界昆虫密度。这个用无序和有序粒子的统计物理模型预测的临界点也许能用于控制毁坏庄稼或带来疾病的虫害的爆发。Jerome Buhl和同事把蝗虫放在一个体育馆内,然后在有越来越多的昆虫加入进来时,拍摄它们运动的电影,以此检验了模型的预测。在昆虫的密度较低时,个体蝗虫自行其道。在中等密度时,虽然蝗虫聚集起来但飞行的方向不确定。但是当30只左右蝗虫进入体育馆后,它们很快地组成队列并且挑选一个固定的飞行方向。Daniel Grünbaum在相关的研究评述中讨论了这些实验。 报告:From Disorder to Order in Marching Locusts, J. Buhl, et al. 研究评述:Align in the Sand, Daniel Grünbaum
气溶胶大小对云的形成更重要 被统称为气溶胶的微小大气粒子中,哪些将成为行成云的种子,主要取决于粒子的大小而不是化学成分。这一发现也许使模拟气溶胶对云的形成和气候变化的影响变得更容易,因为粒子大小比其化学成分要容易测量得多。在德国非城市地区的上空仔细测量了从污染到灰尘等促成新云形成的不同气溶胶后,Ulrike Dusek和同事做出结论,粒子大小的不同能够解释云凝结核心密度变化的80%到96%。在一篇相关的研究评述中,Daniel Rosenfeld讨论了这些发现与全球变暖趋势的可能关系。 报告:Size Matters More Than Chemistry for Cloud-Nucleating Ability of Aerosol Particles, U. Dusek, et al. 研究评述:Aerosols, Clouds, and Climate, Daniel Rosenfeld
小行星、月球与早期地球形成 研究人员报告说,与地壳不同,月亮外壳的同位素特征和小行星的类似。所以形成月球外壳的过程可能发生的相对要早,在形成月球的主要撞击之前。目前被广泛接受的地球-月球系统形成的理论涉及一个巨大撞击模型,在地球增长的晚期地球曾与一个和火星差不多大的物体相撞,月球是由这次撞击产生的热残骸形成的。Kai Rankenburg和同事分析了来自6块月球岩石的钐-钕同位素数据,显示这些岩石的同位素比与较早的球粒状陨石的类似,而不不同于地球的。这些结果支持月球与地球分离要早的解释,而且意味月球上大范围的融化也许在太阳系形成后持续了约2.2亿年。 报告:Neodymium Isotope Evidence for a Chondritic Composition of the Moon , K. Rankenburg, A. D. Brandon, and C. R. Neal
Contents
Special Issue
The Falcon Has Landed Joanne Baker Science 2 June 2006: 1327. Summary »| PDF »|
Perspective Adventures in Near-Earth Object Exploration Erik Asphaug Science 2 June 2006: 1328-1329. Abstract »| Full Text »| PDF »|
Reports The Rubble-Pile Asteroid Itokawa as Observed by Hayabusa A. Fujiwara, J. Kawaguchi, D. K. Yeomans, M. Abe, T. Mukai, T. Okada, J. Saito, H. Yano, M. Yoshikawa, D. J. Scheeres, O. Barnouin-Jha, A. F. Cheng, H. Demura, R. W. Gaskell, N. Hirata, H. Ikeda, T. Kominato, H. Miyamoto, A. M. Nakamura, R. Nakamura, S. Sasaki, and K. Uesugi Science 2 June 2006: 1330-1334. Abstract »| Full Text »| PDF »|
Near-Infrared Spectral Results of Asteroid Itokawa from the Hayabusa Spacecraft M. Abe, Y. Takagi, K. Kitazato, S. Abe, T. Hiroi, F. Vilas, B. E. Clark, P. A. Abell, S. M. Lederer, K. S. Jarvis, T. Nimura, Y. Ueda, and A. Fujiwara Science 2 June 2006: 1334-1338. Abstract »| Full Text »| PDF
X-ray Fluorescence Spectrometry of Asteroid Itokawa by Hayabusa Tatsuaki Okada, Kei Shirai, Yukio Yamamoto, Takehiko Arai, Kazunori Ogawa, Kozue Hosono, and Manabu Kato Science 2 June 2006: 1338-1341. Abstract »| Full Text »| PDF »| Supporting Online Material »|
Detailed Images of Asteroid 25143 Itokawa from Hayabusa J. Saito, H. Miyamoto, R. Nakamura, M. Ishiguro, T. Michikami, A. M. Nakamura, H. Demura, S. Sasaki, N. Hirata, C. Honda, A. Yamamoto, Y. Yokota, T. Fuse, F. Yoshida, D. J. Tholen, R. W. Gaskell, T. Hashimoto, T. Kubota, Y. Higuchi, T. Nakamura, P. Smith, K. Hiraoka, T. Honda, S. Kobayashi, M. Furuya, N. Matsumoto, E. Nemoto, A. Yukishita, K. Kitazato, B. Dermawan, A. Sogame, J. Terazono, C. Shinohara, and H. Akiyama Science 2 June 2006: 1341-1344. Abstract »| Full Text »| PDF »|
Mass and Local Topography Measurements of Itokawa by Hayabusa Shinsuke Abe, Tadashi Mukai, Naru Hirata, Olivier S. Barnouin-Jha, Andrew F. Cheng, Hirohide Demura, Robert W. Gaskell, Tatsuaki Hashimoto, Kensuke Hiraoka, Takayuki Honda, Takashi Kubota, Masatoshi Matsuoka, Takahide Mizuno, Ryosuke Nakamura, Daniel J. Scheeres, and Makoto Yoshikawa Science 2 June 2006: 1344-1347. Abstract »| Full Text »| PDF »|
Pole and Global Shape of 25143 Itokawa Hirohide Demura, Shingo Kobayashi, Etsuko Nemoto, Naoya Matsumoto, Motohiro Furuya, Akira Yukishita, Noboru Muranaka, Hideo Morita, Ken Shirakawa, Makoto Maruya, Hiroshi Ohyama, Masashi Uo, Takashi Kubota, Tatsuaki Hashimoto, Jun'ichiro Kawaguchi, Akira Fujiwara, Jun Saito, Sho Sasaki, Hideaki Miyamoto, and Naru Hirata Science 2 June 2006: 1347-1349. Abstract »| Full Text »| PDF »|
Touchdown of the Hayabusa Spacecraft at the Muses Sea on Itokawa Hajime Yano, T. Kubota, H. Miyamoto, T. Okada, D. Scheeres, Y. Takagi, K. Yoshida, M. Abe, S. Abe, O. Barnouin-Jha, A. Fujiwara, S. Hasegawa, T. Hashimoto, M. Ishiguro, M. Kato, J. Kawaguchi, T. Mukai, J. Saito, S. Sasaki, and M. Yoshikawa Science 2 June 2006: 1350-1353. Abstract »| Full Text »| PDF »|
This Week in Science Editor summaries of this week's papers. Science 2 June 2006: 1273. |Full Text »
Editorial: The Billion-Ton Biofuels Vision Chris Somerville Science 2 June 2006: 1277. Summary »| PDF »| Editors' Choice Highlights of the recent literature. Science 2 June 2006: 1279. |Full Text »
NetWatch Best of the Web in science. Science 2 June 2006: 1285. |Full Text »
PRODUCTS Science 2 June 2006: 1407. Summary »| PDF »|
News of the Week ACADEMIC CONDUCT: University Bids to Salvage Reputation After Flap Over Logging Paper Erik Stokstad Science 2 June 2006: 1288. Summary »| Full Text »| PDF »|
BIOMEDICAL RESEARCH: Bristol-Myers Ends No-Strings Grants Jocelyn Kaiser Science 2 June 2006: 1289. Summary »| Full Text »| PDF »| ACADEMIC POLITICS: Over Protests, U.K. Union Endorses Boycott of Israeli Academics Eliot Marshall Science 2 June 2006: 1289. Summary »| Full Text »| PDF »|
HIGHER EDUCATION: India Opens Universities to More Underprivileged Students Pallava Bagla Science 2 June 2006: 1291. Summary »| Full Text »| PDF »| ARCHAEOLOGY: Ancient Figs Push Back Origin of Plant Cultivation Ann Gibbons Science 2 June 2006: 1292. Summary »| Full Text »| PDF »|
TEACHING EVOLUTION: Court Revives Georgia Sticker Case Constance Holden Science 2 June 2006: 1292. Summary »| Full Text »| PDF »| PALEOANTHROPOLOGY: Tools Link Indonesian 'Hobbits' to Earlier Homo Ancestor Elizabeth Culotta Science 2 June 2006: 1293. Summary »| Full Text »| PDF »| RESEARCH FACILITIES: Spain Aims to Lure Systems Biologists to a Place in the Sun Xavier Bosch and Gretchen Vogel Science 2 June 2006: 1295. Summary »| Full Text »| PDF »| U.S. IMMIGRATION REFORM: Senate Bill Would Boost High-Tech Workforce Yudhijit Bhattacharjee Science 2 June 2006: 1295. Summary »| Full Text »| PDF »| ScienceScope Science 2 June 2006: 1291. |Full Text »
Random Samples Science 2 June 2006: 1287. |Full Text »
Newsmakers Science 2 June 2006: 1307. |Full Text »
News Focus CLIMATE RESEARCH: Stormy Skies for Polar Satellite Program Eli Kintisch Science 2 June 2006: 1296-1297. Summary »| Full Text »| PDF »|
STEM CELL RESEARCH: South Korea Picks Up the Pieces Dennis Normile Science 2 June 2006: 1298-1299. Summary »| Full Text »| PDF »| ASTRONOMY: A Surprising Stellar Nursery Robert Irion Science 2 June 2006: 1301. Summary »| Full Text »| PDF »|
HIGH-ENERGY PHYSICS: Aging Atom Smasher Runs All Out in Race for Most Coveted Particle Adrian Cho Science 2 June 2006: 1302-1303. Summary »| Full Text »| PDF »|
MOLECULAR BIOLOGY: Genes Commute to Factories Before They Start Work Elizabeth Pennisi Science 2 June 2006: 1304. Summary »| Full Text »| PDF »|
HIGH-ENERGY PHYSICS: Neutrino Hunters Plan a Voyage to the Bottom of the Sea Daniel Clery Science 2 June 2006: 1305. Summary »| Full Text »| PDF »|
Letters This Week's Letters Science 2 June 2006: 1309. Summary »| PDF »|
New Scientific Society in Nicaragua Jorge A. Huete-Pérez Science 2 June 2006: 1309. Full Text »| PDF »| Examining Knowledge of Geometry Karl Wulff;, Roberta M. Delson;, Stanislas Dehaene, Véronique Izard, Pierre Pica, and Elizabeth Spelke Science 2 June 2006: 1309-1310. Full Text »| PDF »|
Ecological Revitalization of Chinese Villages Erle C. Ellis Science 2 June 2006: 1310. Full Text »| PDF »|
Stereotype Threat: A Clarification Lawrence J. Stricker; and Debra Lewis Science 2 June 2006: 1310-1312. Full Text »| PDF »| Corrections and Clarifications Science 2 June 2006: 1312. Full Text »| PDF »| Books et al. ANTHROPOLOGY: Picturing the Pre-Columbian Americas Dean R. Snow Science 2 June 2006: 1313. Summary »| Full Text »| PDF »| NEUROSCIENCE: A Mostly Sure-Footed Account of the Hand Charles G. Gross and Asif A. Ghazanfar Science 2 June 2006: 1314. Summary »| Full Text »| PDF »| Books Received Science 2 June 2006: 1314. Summary »|
Policy Forum HUMAN GENETICS: Finding Criminals Through DNA of Their Relatives Frederick R. Bieber, Charles H. Brenner, and David Lazer Science 2 June 2006: 1315-1316. Published online 11 May 2006 [DOI: 10.1126/science.1122655] (in Science Express Policy Forum) Summary »| Full Text »| PDF »| Supporting Online Material »|
Perspectives DEVELOPMENT BIOLOGY: Linking Nutrition and Tissue Growth Pierre Léopold and Sophie Layalle Science 2 June 2006: 1317-1318. Summary »| Full Text »| PDF »| PLANT SCIENCE: Unfallen Grains: How Ancient Farmers Turned Weeds into Crops John Doebley Science 2 June 2006: 1318-1319. Summary »| Full Text »| PDF »|
PLANETARY SCIENCE: Exploring Other Worlds to Learn More About Our Own Ingo C. F. Müller-Wodarg Science 2 June 2006: 1319-1320. Summary »| Full Text »| PDF »|
BEHAVIOR: Align in the Sand Daniel Grünbaum Science 2 June 2006: 1320-1322. Summary »| Full Text »| PDF »|
CHEMISTRY: Enhanced: Toward Efficient Hydrogen Production at Surfaces Jens K. Norskov and Claus H. Christensen Science 2 June 2006: 1322-1323. Summary »| Full Text »| PDF
ATMOSPHERE: Aerosols, Clouds, and Climate Daniel Rosenfeld Science 2 June 2006: 1323-1324. Summary »| Full Text »| PDF »|
Brevia Direct Determination of Local Lattice Polarity in Crystals K. A. Mkhoyan, P. E. Batson, J. Cha, W. J. Schaff, and J. Silcox Science 2 June 2006: 1354. A scanning transmission electron microscope reveals atomic-level columns of nitrogen and their polarity in an aluminum nitride with sub-angstrom resolution. Abstract »| Full Text »| PDF »| Supporting Online Material »|
Research Article Metagenomic Analysis of the Human Distal Gut Microbiome Steven R. Gill, Mihai Pop, Robert T. DeBoy, Paul B. Eckburg, Peter J. Turnbaugh, Buck S. Samuel, Jeffrey I. Gordon, David A. Relman, Claire M. Fraser-Liggett, and Karen E. Nelson Science 2 June 2006: 1355-1359. Sequencing the trillions of microbes in the human colon identifies genes involved in the digestion of plant carbohydrates, the fermentation of fiber, and vitamin synthesis. Abstract »| Full Text »| PDF »| Supporting Online Material »|
Reports Conductance Quantization at a Half-Integer Plateau in a Symmetric GaAs Quantum Wire R. Crook, J. Prance, K. J. Thomas, S. J. Chorley, I. Farrer, D. A. Ritchie, M. Pepper, and C. G. Smith Science 2 June 2006: 1359-1362. Electron spins in a thin gallium-arsenide wire spontaneously organize in the absence of a magnetic field, producing a new ferromagnetic phase useful in spintronics. Abstract »| Full Text »| PDF »| Supporting Online Material »|
Atomic-Scale Coupling of Photons to Single-Molecule Junctions S. W. Wu, N. Ogawa, and W. Ho Science 2 June 2006: 1362-1365. Published online 20 April 2006 [DOI: 10.1126/science.1124881] (in Science Express Reports) The tip of a scanning tunneling microscope can be used to transfer excited electrons to a molecule, allowing the excited and charged states to be mapped in detail. Abstract »| Full Text »| PDF »|
Solar Rotation Effects on the Thermospheres of Mars and Earth Jeffrey M. Forbes, Sean Bruinsma, and Frank G. Lemoine Science 2 June 2006: 1366-1368. Simultaneous satellite measurements of the atmospheric density of Mars and Earth during variable heating by the Sun constrain how carbon dioxide cools upper atmospheric layers. Abstract »| Full Text »| PDF »|
Neodymium Isotope Evidence for a Chondritic Composition of the Moon K. Rankenburg, A. D. Brandon, and C. R. Neal Science 2 June 2006: 1369-1372. The neodymium isotope composition of the Moon resembles that of early meteorites and not Earth抯 crust, supporting the early differentiation of Earth抯 mantle. Abstract »| Full Text »| PDF »| Supporting Online Material »|
Early Domesticated Fig in the Jordan Valley Mordechai E. Kislev, Anat Hartmann, and Ofer Bar-Yosef Science 2 June 2006: 1372-1374. Many of the figs found in 11,300-year-old Neolithic sites in the Jordan Valley are unfertilized fruit of planted trees and may represent the first domesticated crop. Abstract »| Full Text »| PDF »| Supporting Online Material »|
Size Matters More Than Chemistry for Cloud-Nucleating Ability of Aerosol Particles U. Dusek, G. P. Frank, L. Hildebrandt, J. Curtius, J. Schneider, S. Walter, D. Chand, F. Drewnick, S. Hings, D. Jung, S. Borrmann, and M. O. Andreae Science 2 June 2006: 1375-1378. Size matters more than chemistry in controlling which aerosol particles can nucleate water droplets in clouds, potentially simplifying the treatment of aerosols in climate models. Abstract »| Full Text »| PDF »| Supporting Online Material »| A New Genus of African Monkey, Rungwecebus: Morphology, Ecology, and Molecular Phylogenetics Tim R. B. Davenport, William T. Stanley, Eric J. Sargis, Daniela W. De Luca, Noah E. Mpunga, Sophy J. Machaga, and Link E. Olson Science 2 June 2006: 1378-1381. Published online 11 May 2006 [DOI: 10.1126/science.1125631] (in Science Express Reports) Molecular phylogenetics and morphology indicate that a recently described monkey defines a new extant African primate genus. Abstract »| Full Text »| PDF »| Supporting Online Material »| Checkpoint Proteins Control Survival of the Postmitotic Cells in Caenorhabditis elegans Anders Olsen, Maithili C. Vantipalli, and Gordon J. Lithgow Science 2 June 2006: 1381-1385. In C. elegans, a cell cycle protein unexpectedly functions in postmitotic tissues, where it regulates cell survival and stress-related life span. Abstract »| Full Text »| PDF »| Supporting Online Material
Juvenile Hormone Is Required to Couple Imaginal Disc Formation with Nutrition in Insects J. W. Truman, K. Hiruma, J. P. Allee, S. G. B. MacWhinnie, D. T. Champlin, and L. M. Riddiford Science 2 June 2006: 1385-1388. A hormone permits cells in developing insect larvae to divide when nutrients are available; later its reduction triggers the cells?differentiation into adult phenotypes. Abstract »| Full Text »| PDF »| Supporting Online Material »| Onset and Progression in Inherited ALS Determined by Motor Neurons and Microglia Séverine Boillée, Koji Yamanaka, Christian S. Lobsiger, Neal G. Copeland, Nancy A. Jenkins, George Kassiotis, George Kollias, and Don W. Cleveland Science 2 June 2006: 1389-1392. A gene mutation in mouse motor neurons triggers degeneration typical of ALS (Lou Gehrig抯 disease) and, when present in surrounding cells, exacerbates disease progression. Abstract »| Full Text »| PDF »| Supporting Online Material »|
An SNP Caused Loss of Seed Shattering During Rice Domestication Saeko Konishi, Takeshi Izawa, Shao Yang Lin, Kaworu Ebana, Yoshimichi Fukuta, Takuji Sasaki, and Masahiro Yano Science 2 June 2006: 1392-1396. Published online 13 April 2006 [DOI: 10.1126/science.1126410] (in Science Express Reports) A gene that controls the retention of rice grains on the plant after ripening is from a transcription factor of a different class from that of another recently identified gene for this trait. Abstract »| Full Text »| PDF »| Supporting Online Material »| Outer Membrane Active Transport: Structure of the BtuB:TonB Complex David D. Shultis, Michael D. Purdy, Christian N. Banchs, and Michael C. Wiener Science 2 June 2006: 1396-1399. Abstract »| Full Text »| PDF »| Supporting Online Material »|
Structure of TonB in Complex with FhuA, E. coli Outer Membrane Receptor Peter D. Pawelek, Nathalie Croteau, Christopher Ng-Thow-Hing, Cezar M. Khursigara, Natalia Moiseeva, Marc Allaire, and James W. Coulton Science 2 June 2006: 1399-1402. Vitamins and iron are transported into bacteria through a pore in the outer membrane, assisted by a protein that induces a strand to form in the plug of the pore. Abstract »| Full Text »| PDF »| Supporting Online Material »| From Disorder to Order in Marching Locusts J. Buhl, D. J. T. Sumpter, I. D. Couzin, J. J. Hale, E. Despland, E. R. Miller, and S. J. Simpson Science 2 June 2006: 1402-1406. As predicted by statistical models, swarms of locusts undergo rapid transitions from disordered to ordered collective motion as their density increases. Abstract »| Full Text »| PDF »| Supporting Online Material »|
Technical Comments Comment on "HST2 Mediates SIR2-Independent Life-Span Extension by Calorie Restriction" Matt Kaeberlein, Kristan K. Steffen, Di Hu, Nick Dang, Emily O. Kerr, Mitsuhiro Tsuchiya, Stanley Fields, and Brian K. Kennedy Science 2 June 2006: 1312. Abstract »| Full Text »| PDF »|
Response to Comment on "HST2 Mediates SIR2-Independent Life-Span Extension by Calorie Restriction" Dudley W. Lamming, Magda Latorre-Esteves, Oliver Medvedik, Stacy N. Wong, Felicia A. Tsang, Chen Wang, Su-Ju Lin, and David A. Sinclair Science 2 June 2006: 1312. Abstract »| Full Text »| PDF »|
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