| 1.2 |
Apoptosis Assay Methods |
6 |
|
Method/Product selection guide |
7 |
| 1.2.1 |
Methods for studying apoptosis in cell populations |
8 |
| 1.2.1.1 |
Assays that measure DNA fragmentation |
8 |
|
Apoptotic DNA Ladder Kit |
11 |
|
Cell Death Detection ELISAPLUS |
13 |
| 1.2.1.2 |
Assays that measure apoptosis-induced proteases (caspase) |
16 |
|
Caspase 3 Activity Assay |
17 |
|
Anti-PARP |
20 |
| 1.2.1.3 |
Summary of methods for studying apoptosis in cell populations |
22 |
| 1.2.2 |
Methods for studying apoptosis in individual cells |
24 |
| 1.2.2.1 |
The TUNEL enzymatic labeling assay |
24 |
|
In Situ Cell Death Detection Kit, Fluorescein |
27 |
|
In Situ Cell Death Detection Kit, AP |
29 |
|
In Situ Cell Death Detection Kit, POD |
29 |
| 1.2.2.2 |
Assays that measure membrane alterations |
31 |
|
Annexin-V-FLUOS |
32 |
|
Annexin-V-FLUOS Staining Kit |
32 |
|
Annexin-V-AlexaTM 568 |
32 |
|
Annexin-V-Biotin |
34 |
| 1.2.2.3 |
Assays that use DNA stains |
36 |
|
DAPI, Ethidium bromide, Propidium iodide |
36 |
| 1.2.2.4 |
Summary of methods for studying apoptosis in individual cells |
38 |
| 1.2.3 |
Detection of apoptosis-related proteins |
40 |
|
Anti-Fas (CD95/Apo-1) |
41 |
|
Anti-Fas-Biotin (CD95/Apo-1) |
42 |
|
Anti-Bcl-2 oncoprotein, human |
44 |
|
Anti-p53 Protein, mutant |
46 |
|
Anti-p53 Protein pan |
46 |
|
Anti-p53 pan |
46 |
|
Anti-p53, Biotin labeled |
46 |
|
Anti-p53, Peroxidase labeled |
46 |
|
p53pan ELISA |
48 |
| 1.3 |
Cytotoxicity Assay Methods |
50 |
| 1.3.1 |
Relationship between cytotoxicity, apoptosis, and necrosis |
50 |
| 1.3.2 |
Methods for studying cytotoxicity |
50 |
| 1.3.2.1 |
Assays the measure plasma membrane leakage |
51 |
|
Cytotoxicity Detection Kit (LDH) |
52 |
|
Cellular DNA Fragmentation ELISA |
54 |
| 1.3.2.2 |
Assays that measure metabolic activity |
58 |
|
Cell Proliferation Kit I (MTT) |
58 |
|
Cell Proliferation Kit II (XTT) |
58 |
|
Cell Proliferation Reagent WST-1 |
58 |
| 1.3.2.3 |
Summary of methods for studying cytotoxicity |
60 |
| 2.2 |
Cell proliferation/viability assay methods |
67 |
|
Method/Product selection guide |
68 |
| 2.2.1 |
Methods for studying cell proliferation and viability in cell populations |
70 |
| 2.2.1.1 |
Assays that measure metabolic activity |
70 |
|
Cell Proliferation Kit I (MTT) |
73 |
|
Cell Proliferation Kit II (XTT) |
74 |
|
Cell Proliferation Reagent WST-1 |
75 |
| 2.2.1.2 |
Assays that measure DNA synthesis |
77 |
|
BrdU Labeling and Detection Kit III |
79 |
|
Cell Proliferation ELISA, BrdU (colorimetric) |
81 |
|
Cell Proliferation ELISA, BrdU (chemiluminescence) |
81 |
| 2.2.1.3 |
Summary of methods for studying cell proliferation and cell viability in cell populations |
84 |
| 2.2.1.4 |
Single reagents for the measurement of DNA synthesis |
84 |
| 2.2.2 |
Methods for studying cell proliferation and viability in individual cells |
86 |
| 2.2.2.1 |
Assays that measure DNA synthesis |
86 |
|
BrdU Labeling and Detection Kit I |
87 |
|
BrdU Labeling and Detection Kit II |
87 |
|
BrdU Labeling and Detection Kit, FLUOS |
88 |
|
In situ Cell Proliferation Kit, FLUOS |
90 |
|
In Situ Cell Proliferation Kit, AP |
93 |
|
Anti-BrdU, formalin grade |
93 |
|
Anti-BrdU-Fluorescein |
93 |
|
Anti-BrdU-AP, F(ab)2 fragments |
93 |
|
Anti-BrdU-Peroxidase, Fab fragment |
93 |
| 2.2.2.2 |
Assays that monitor expression of cell cycle-associated antigens |
96 |
|
Monoclonal antibodies to cell cycle-associated antigens |
97 |
| 2.2.2.3 |
Summary of methods for studying cell proliferation and viability in individual cells |
100 |
| 3.1 |
Technical tips |
104 |
| 3.1.1 |
Selected frequently asked questions (FAQs) about cell death assays |
104 |
| 3.1.2 |
Technical tips on the TUNEL method |
105 |
| 3.1.2.1 |
TUNEL: Improvement and evaluation of the method for in situ apoptotic cell identification |
105 |
| 3.1.2.2 |
TUNEL protocol for tissues which tend to give false positives |
105 |
| 3.1.2.3 |
Tips for avoiding or eliminating potential TUNEL labeling artifacts |
107 |
| 3.1.3 |
Technical tips on the use of Annexin-V-Biotin for light microscope detection |
109 |
| 3.1.4 |
Technical tips on the use of the Apoptotic DNA Ladder Kit on tissue samples |
109 |
| 3.1.5 |
Technical tips on the Cell Proliferation ELISA kits |
110 |
| 3.2 |
Special applications of cell death and cell proliferation methods |
111 |
| 3.2.1 |
TUNEL assays |
111 |
| 3.2.1.1 |
Discrimination between dead and viable apoptotic cells using two-color TdT assay and surface labeling as detected by flow cytometry |
111 |
| 3.2.1.2 |
The use of flow cytometry for concomitant detection of apoptosis and cell cycle analysis |
111 |
| 3.2.1.3 |
Comparison of two cell death detection methods: In situ nick translation and TUNEL |
112 |
| 3.2.1.4 |
Fixation of tissue sections for TUNEL combined with staining for thymic epithelial cell marker |
112 |
| 3.2.2 |
Metabolic assays |
113 |
| 3.2.2.1 |
Biochemical and cellular basis of cell proliferation assays that use tetrazolium salts |
113 |
| 3.2.3 |
Annexin assays |
113 |
| 3.2.3.1 |
The use of annexin for concomitant detection of apoptosis and cellular phenotype |
113 |
| 3.2.4 |
BrdU assays |
114 |
| 3.2.4.1 |
Detection of bromodeoxyuridine in paraffin-embedded tissue sections using microwave antigen retrieval is dependent on the mode of tissue fixation |
114 |